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Photographic 

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CIHM/ICMH 

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microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 

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:Z 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
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r~l    Covers  damaged/ 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


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Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

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D 
D 
D 

n 

D 
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10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

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r 

12X 


16X 


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28X 


32X 


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originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symboie  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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2 

3 

4 

5 

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THE  LANGUAGE 


OF  TIIK 


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issisBaga 


J[  ndi 


ia.ns 


OF  SKUGOG. 

A  Contribution  to  the  IJngtiistics  of  the  Alt^onkian 
Tribes  of  Gtnadii. 

BV 


ALEXANDER  FRANCIS  CHAMBERLAIN,  M.A., 

LATK    Fl-l.IOW    IN    M  MiK.KN    I,AN(;l  ACES    IN    UNIVERSITY    C'l  H.I.Kl  ;!■,,     FuRoNK  i  ; 
Fl-.I.I.DW    IN    ANTIIKOI'OI.OCV    IN    Cl.ARK     TnIVKKSII  Y,    \Vi  (KIKSTKU, 

Mass.;  I'Ki.i.ow  ok  the  Amkkuan  Association  kok 

THE     AdVANCKMENI      !>!••    SlMENCE. 


"  Liini,uiige  is  a  solemn  thine;  it  groivs  out  of  lije — out 

of  its  agonies  ami  ecstasies,    its   iiuints  ami  its  iveariness. 

Every  langiiagi'  is  a  tein/>lf,  in  :i'hiiii  tlie  soul 0/  those  who 

■  s/ieak  it  is  enshrined." 

— Oi.iVHK  Wenuell  Holmes. 


Approved  as  a  Thesis  for  tlie  Dei^nee  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in 
Anthropology  at  Clark  I'niversity. 

June  13,  iSgi.  V.  lioAs. 


■<K-VKcl.^lJ, 


.^:3 

Philaukli'hia  : 

Pkess  01-  MacCalla  &  Company, 

'■!37-9 

Dock  Si 

'^ 

—1 89  J— 

--^ 

« 

c/ 

Ui 


.-> 


■J. 


L(: 


.V 


^, 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


r.\i;i:. 
I'rafiue i) 

Introilurtory  licmurks  on  the  History  of  the  ^lississivitas,  eto   7-11 

The  Mississan'ii  Laiigiiiige 11-24 

Etymologiciil  Vocabulary  of  the  Language  of  the  ^lississaiias  of 

Skfigoii '^i-'>2 

English  and  Mississaga  Texts  of  Myths  of  the  Skfigog  Indians 52-5(5 

Songs r)7-58 

Tribal  and  Ethnic  Names TiS-OO 

IMace  Names GO-63 

Names  of  Mythological  Characters .   62-64 

Personal  Names 04-66 

^loderii  Mississaga  Vocabulary  and  Texts 00-70 

Comparative  Vocabulary  of  Algonklan  Languages 71-72 

Older  Mississaga  Linguistic  Material — Smith  Barton,  The  Toronto 

MS ,. 7:5-76 

Vocabulary  from  the  Toronto  MS 70-79 

Bibliography  ot  the  Mississaga  Language sO-84 


TO   HIS   PARENTS 

THE  AUTHOR 

INSCRIBES   THIS   ESSAY. 


I 


PREFACE. 


Ill  liis  essay  on  '•  Aincriciiri  l-iiiiu;aages,  miuI  Why  we  Should  Sludv 
Tlieni,"  Dr.  I).  G.  Hiintnn  liiiss<nil)ly  pleaded  llioir  cause,  tliat  this  attempt 
at  tlie  study  of  one  of  tiic  .Vl<;-onkiaii  dialects  needs  scarce  an  excuse,  ex- 
cept for  the  failinirs  it  may  possess.  It  is  intended  to  form  part  of  a  more 
ambitious  undcrtakiim;—"T]ie  History  of  tlie  Missis.sairas  "— on  which  the 
writer  lias  lieen  for  some  years  past  eiiiraired,  and  w  liich  he  iiopes  before 
long  to  publish. 

The  writer  begs  to  acivnowledge  his  indebtedness  ti>  .Vu/ozhay,  Xawl- 
gfckokc,  OsfiwanEmi'ki,  and  other  Mississagas,  wlio  have  contributed  to 
preserve  wjiat  little  is  licrcin  contained  of  tlie  spcecli  and  legends  of  Iheir 
people. 

He  also  desires  to  take  this  opportunity  of  tiianking,  for  many  favors 
shown  him  in  the  past,  Mr.  James  Hain,  .Ir.,  t'iiief  Librarian  of  tlie  Pub- 
lic Library,  Toronto,  and  Mr.  .1.  C.  Pilling,  of  the  liureau  of  Ethnology, 
Washington,  I).  V.  To  the  former  lie  wishes  to  express  liis  appreciation 
of  bis  kindness  in  permitting  liim  to  take  a  copy  of  the  Toronto  :\Iissis- 


saga  MS.,  and  to  tlic  latt 


cr 


desii 


es  to  return  thanks  for  tlie  \er\  kind 


manner  in  whieli  he  placed  at  tiie  dispo.sal  of  the  writer  the  proof-sheets 
of  that  portion  of  his  "Algonkian  Bibliography,"  now  in  jiress.  l)efore 
publication.  The  writer  desires  also  to  testify  to  tlie  kindly  interest  taken 
in  the  labors  of  fellow-investig.itors.  by  Dr.  IJrinlon,  whose  works  have 
been  a  fertile  souroe  of  inspiration,  and  to  thank  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  Presi- 
dent of  Toronto  University,  and  Dr.  Fran/  Boas,  of  Clark  I'niversity, 
for  the  encouragement  they  have  atVorded  him  in  tlie  studv  of  Aiuericaa 


peoples  and  languages. 
Submitted  as  a  thesis  tor  the  deiii 


•ec  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in   the 


Department  of  Anthropology  in  Clark  Universitv,  Worcester,  M 


iss. 


THE  LANGUAGE 


OF  TIIK 


MississAGA  Indians  of  Skugog. 


Tlio  nivmc  "  Mississngii,"  wliicli  is  ulso  preserved  in  many  place-names 
in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  talics  us  back  to  the  Indians  who,  as  early  as 
the  year  1048,  are  described  as  dwelling  around  tlie  mouth  of  the  river 
"  Mississugui'."  At  that  companitively  early  period  tliej' are  noticed  as 
distinct  from  the  Saulleurs,  Outchilfous,  Nou(iuets,  Marameg,  Achilyouans 
and  Amikouas,  all  Algonkian  tribes  of  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron 
and  Superior  (see  Itel.  des  Ji suites,  l<i4H,  p.  6'i  ;  1070-71,  pp.  25,  31). 

In  common  with  other  lake  tribes  the  .Mississagas  seem  to  have  sullered 
much  from  the  incursions  of  the  warlike  Iroquois,  who  nuide  Ihemselvos 
the  terror  of  the  Algonkians  of  that  region.  During  the  early  years  of 
the  eighteenth  century  they  advanced  gradually  eastward  and  southward, 
taking  possession  of  much  of  what  is  now  the  Province  of  Ontario,  not, 
however,  without  many  a  tierce  and  bloody  fight  with  their  hereditary 
foes,  the  savage  Iroijuois.  And  tradition  points  out  as  the  battle-ground 
of  these  two  great  and  typical  American  races  spot  upon  spot  between 
the  Thousand  Islands  and  tiie  waters  of  Lake  Huron.  Tiieir  chief  settle- 
ments in  Ontario  were  on  the  banks  of  the  River  Credit,  near  York  (now 
Toronto),  and  on  the  islands  and  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Qumte.  From 
these,  as  the  European  colonists  advanced,  they  gradually  retreated,  being 
located  by  the  Government  on  land  specially  reserved  for  them  in  various 
pans  of  the  country  (see  Journ.  of  Ainer.  Folk-Lore,  Vol.  i,  p.  150). 

As  is  evident  from  the  Journal  of  the  Uev.  Peter  Jones,  the  ^lississagas 
were  acquainted  with  the  advantages  of  Skilgog  island,  and  some  of  them 
dwelt  there,  long  before  the  establishment  of  the  Indian  reservation  by 
the  Government.  Under  date  of  ^Fay  ."),  IS'27,  he  records  a  visit  to  the 
"Indians  about  Schoogog  Lake,"  and  relates  how  they  destroyed  two 
barrels  of  whisky  which  had  been  brought  amongst  them  by  the  traders  ; 
and,  in  December  of  the  same  year,  he  mentions  receiving  "a  pleasing 
account  of  the  Christian  deportment  of  these  Indians."  In  April,  1828, 
he  describes  the  encampment  of  some  one  hundred  Indians  "about  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  Schoogog  Lake,"  and  mentions  the  fact  that  "the 
Schoogog  Indians  have  no  reserves  of  lauds,  and  are  consequently  wholly 


m 


dependent  on  Government  or  some  benevolent  Soriety  foras^rant.  Xow, 
instead  of  Government  applying  to  the  original  proprietors  of  the  soil  for 
land,  they  (the  natives)  have  to  pray  to  their  great  father  the  King  for  a 
place  to  lay  their  bones  in."  The  success  of  the  sehool  that  had  been 
established,  and  the  desire  of  the  Indian  women  "to  be  instructed  in  the 
habits  of  the  wliite  women,"  together  with  the  good  results  from  the  ser- 
vices in  the  "bass-wood  chapel,"  are  referred  to.  In  1829  a  new  log 
school-house  was  built,  and  we  arc  informed  also  that  "  the  number  of  In- 
dians here,  old  and  young,  is  130.  They  occupy  nini;  bark  wigwams. 
The  fire  is  made  in  the  centre  and  the  families  sit  or  lie  around  it.  Kach 
person  occupies  his  or  her  place  witliout  the  intrusion  of  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  lodge."  In  after  years  it  would  appear  that  the  liulians 
around  Skfigog  Lake  gradually  merged  themselves  with  the  otlier  bands 
of  .Mississagas  and  Otcipwr  (sec  Jones' ,/(*«/7i«i,  pi>.  81, 14."),  254,  28."),  etc.) 
at  Mud  Lake  and  Lake  Sinicoe.  So  these  arc  not  the  Indians  considered 
in  this  essay. 

At  I?alsam  Lake,  in  the  township  of  Re.xlcy,  Victoria  county,  Ontario, 
for  a  number  of  years  previous  to  184:!,  there  had  been  living  a  small 
band  of  Mississagas  on  a  Government  reservation  of  .some  1200  acres,  only 
200  of  which,  however,  were  under  cultivation.  At  that  time  we  le.irn 
of  them  "their  village  contains  twelve  '.louses,  a  barn  and  a  commodious 
school-house,  in  which  divine  service  is  performed  by  a  resident  .Methodist 
missionary.  But  witldn  tlie  present  year  (184:3)  these  Indians,  having: 
become  dissatisfied  with  the  climate  and  the  quality  of  the  land  at  the 
IJalsam  Lake,  have  i»urcliased  si.v  hundred  acres  on  the  banks  of  Lake 
Scugog,  to  be  paid  out  of  their  share  of  their  annuity,  and  ar(  making 
jireparations  for  removing  from  their  former  settlement.  Their  imi)rove- 
ments  will  be  sold  for  their  benefit.  Their  reason  for  removing  evinces 
their  desire  to  advance  in  the  pursuit  of  agriculture  "  (Chief  Crane,  in 
Copway,  Life,  p.  218).  In  1844,  at  the  period  of  their  removal  to  Skfigog 
Island,  the  Balsam  Lake  Mississagas  numbered  fl(>.  From  the  Censmt  of 
Cantidd  we  learn  that  in  18.i7-8  they  numbered  but  (11,  of  wluun  12  were 
of  school  age.  At  this  time  their  property  consisted  of  eight  log  liouses  and 
a  school  liouse.  By  1880  the  tribe  had  decreased  in  numbers  to  42.  and 
the  following  report  is  made  by  the  Indian  agent  ;  "The  chief  and  one  or 
two  other  families  are  in<luslrious  and  cultivate  land  and  raise  fair  crops. 
Several  members  are  addicted  to  drunkenness  aiul  live  in  idleness.  There 
is  no  school-house  on  the  reserve  [the  former  one  not  having  been  ri'- 
piacedj.  The  tribe  ought  to  be  removed  to  Bice  or  Mud  Ijake  "  {Itep.  of 
Sitpt.  of  Ind.  Affairs,  1880). 

In  1884  the  agent  reports  :  "The  number  of  the  tribe  is  43,  an  increase 
of  two.  Of  the  800  acres  possessed  by  the  Indians,  some  400  are  leased 
to  wliite  men  for  tlie  benefit  of  the  tribe.  Of  the  remaining  400  some  840 
are  cleared,  of  which  about  250  are  in  a  fair  state  of  cultivation."  Since  this 
time  the  tribe  has  remained  practically  stationary  as  regards  nopulation 
and  progress. 


I 


Tlic  intbrmation  contained  in  the  following  pages  was  procured  by  the 
wrilerduring  u  prolonged  visit  to  the  island  in  August,  18H8,  and  has  been 
added  to  by  subsequent  iniiuiries. 

Tlic  Mississagas  of  SivUgog  live  upon  Slifigog  Island,  about  a  mile  from 
the  post-otliceof  Skfigog.  Tiie  island,  now  connected  by  a  causeway  with 
the  southern  shore  of  the  lake,  lies  opposite  the  town  of  Port  Perry,  in 
tlie  county  of  Ontario.  From  tiiat  town  the  Indian  village  can  be 
reached  by  a  drive  of  some  eight  miles  along  a  road  which  runs  along 
the  central  elevated  ridge  of  tlie  island,  and  gives  one  a  fine  view  of  Port 
Perry  and  the  surrounding  district.  The  only  landing  place,  as  one  ap- 
proacJics  it  by  water,  is  in  a  sort  of  marsh  where  the  boats  belonging  to 
tlie  Indians  are  stowed  away.  At  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit  some  lour 
or  five  canoes  were  lying  about,  of  which  all  but  one  were  hollowed  out 
of  logs,  the  edges  being  about  lialf  an  inch  thick  and  tlic  work  done  rather 
neatly.  The  other  was  the  style  of  canoe  used  now  by  white  men  and 
probably  had  been  procured  from  the  latter.  The  padtlics  were  not  in 
the  boats  but  lay  under  the  trees  in  front  of  tlic  owners'  houses. 

l>y  means  of  a.  winding  patli  of  about  an  eightli  of  a  mile  the  village, 
situated  on  the  higher  ground,  is  reached.  It  consists  of  nine  log  houses 
and  one  frame  dwelling  stretched  along  the  north  side  of  the  road  at  un- 
eiiu\]  distances  from  it  and  from  one  another.  Between  the  houses,  and 
back  of  them,  are  tlie  farmlands  of  the  Indians,  and  around  them  a  few 
fruit-trees,  berry-buslies,  etc.  Tiie  first  house  reached  on  coming  from 
Port  Perry  l»y  tlie  road  is  th.il  of  Mr.  ^Marsden  (Osfiwaiiimi'ki),  an  intelli- 
gent Indian  who  liad  formerly  been  a  school-teacher  amongst  his  people. 
Ills  famil}'  were  veiy  bright-looking  and  attentive.  The  next  is  that  of 
.lohn  Bolin  (O'gimfibine'cl)  and  his  wife  Susan  (■Nawlgickokc)  ;  the 
latter  has  the  reiiulation  of  being  the  most  intelligent  woman  in  the  tribe 
and  tiie  former  is  a  nephew  of  No'gen,  tlie  3lud  I.ake  Indian  cliicf  whom 
Mrs.  Moodie  has  noticed  in  her  Roughing  It  in  the  Bush.  Farther  on  are 
the  houses  of  .McCew,  Maisden,  Jr.,  and  Elliott,  who  claims  to  be  the  old- 
est settler  on  the  island.  At  the  other  end  of  the  village  live  Isaac  John- 
son (whose  farm  is  considered  the  best),  Chief  Johnson,  and  his  brother 
Chauncey,  who  seems  to  be  reallj'  the  ruliii;:'  spirit  of  the  tribe. 

The  Indian  land,  consisting  of  some  40(1  acres,  lias  somewhat  the  shape 
ofa  V,  the  houses  occupying  tlie  broad  part.  Some  of  tin'  land  across 
the  road,  which  belongs  to  the  Indians,  is  leased  to  white  men,  as 
indeed  is  some  of  the  rest  also.  The  white  men  would  fain  possess  all  the 
Iiiiliaiis'  land,  as  it  is  said  to  be  excellent.  That  the  Skfigog  Indians  have 
not  made  the  best  of  farmers,  a  glance  at  their  fields  and  crops  sutlices  to 
show.  The  thistles,  weeds,  and  oilier  evidences  of  inattention  to  jtropor 
methods  of  cultivation  were  but  too  visihle.  Still,  the  farms  of  Isaac 
Johnson  and  John  liolin  are  not  by  any  means  to  be  despised.  There 
did  not  seem  to  be  any  dividing  fences  between  the  lots,  or  even  between 
the  various  crops.  Pack  of  the  cultivated  land  is  tlie  common  pasture, 
where  gra/.e  the  live  stock  belonging  to  tlie  village.     John  Polin,  on  the 


10 


occasion  of  the  writer's  first  visit  to  his  house,  was  engaged  in  forging  a 
new  point  for  a  toolh  belonging  to  liis  reaping  niaciiine,  which  lay  in  the 
very  goud-looking  barn  *  which  stands  upon  his  farm.  His  wife  was 
delighted  wlien  shown  how  to  work  properly  the  sewing-machine  which 
she  had  received  from  the  Dominion  Government.  Of  all  the  houses 
visited  that  of  the  IJolins  was  perhaps  the  neatest  and  most  attractive. 

The  first  visit  paid  was  to  the  house  of  Chief  Johnson,  wlio  was  absent 
at  the  time.  There  were  present  his  wife  (an  aged  woman),  his  niece, 
three  girls,  aged  seventeen,  thirteen,  seven  respectively,  and  a  boy  of 
fourteen.  From  the  chief's  wife  not  much  information  was  obtained,  a- 
she  spoke  nothing  but  Indian,  as  did  also  the  young  squaws.  From  the 
niece  of  Chief  Johnson,  however,  a  considerable  vocabulary  was  obtained, 
together  with  items  of  a  general  character.  From  Mrs.  Susan  Bolin,  who 
was  next  visited,  the  most  valuable  information,  consisting  of  lists  of 
words,  songs,  legends,  folk-lore,  and  notes  of  the  history,  habits,  etc..  of 
her  people,  was  obtained.  John  Bolin  and  Mr.  3Iarsden  also  helped 
with  the  vocabulary.  3Ir.  ^larsden  said  that  his  people  had  livi-d  upon 
the  island  for  over  fifty  years,  and  Mrs.  Bolin  made  the  following  state- 
ment :  "The  Indians  have  been  acquainted  with  Skfigog  Island  for  over 
a  hundred  years.  'My  grandfather,  who  died  when  he  was  about  eighty, 
told  n\c  of  it.  At  first  there  were  only  two  settlers,  who  were  brothers- 
in-law.  One  was  named  Gwingwic,  and  belonged  to  the  wa'bigi:n  (clay; 
odo'dKin  (totem)  ;  the  other  was  Nika  (wild-goose)  of  the  alik  (elk) 
totem.  They  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  Lindsay  river  in  search  of  game. 
and  finding  plenty  on  the  island,  settled  upon  it,  and  some  of  their 
descendants  still  live  there." 

In  1828  we  find  llev.  Feter  Jones  mentioning  as  present  at  tlie  meeting 
in  the  chapel  at  Skugog  :  "John  Goose,  aged  forty,  Sarah,  ids  wife, 
aged  thirty-five;"  "Sally  Queenguish,  aged  five  uu)nths ;  "  "  Feter 
Queenguish,  aged  one  year,  son  of  widow  (Queenguish."  There  is  iUso 
mention  of  Brother  C.  Goose,  an  Indian  exhorter,  in  the  same  year.  ^Irs. 
Bolin  has  been  married  twice  ;  her  first  husband's  name  was  Goose,  ami 
she  is  still  called  familiarly  "]Mrs.  Goose." 

Other  than  the  descendants  of  the  two  men  above  mentioned,  tlie 
people  at  Skfigog,  as  already  stated,  chiefly  came  from  Balsam  Lake. 
Tlie  chief  and  his  l)rother  are  from  there.  Mrs.  Isaac  Johnson  is  of  the 
Chippeways  of  Kama.  3Irs.  Bolin's  husband,  John,  belonged  to  the 
tribe  at  Mud  Lake.  She  gays  that  her  grandfather  told  her  that  a  few  of 
the  Skfigog  tribe  were  the  descendants  of  some  Indians  who  came  from 
the  United  States,  possibly  from  Long  Island  (';).  Her  first  husband  and 
herself  Avere  probably  originally  of  the  ^lud  Lake  stock.  She  spent  the 
early  years  of  her  life  amongst  the  French  traders  around  Lake  Simeoe, 
there  obtaining  the  knowledge  of  that  language  whicli  (beside  a  very 
good  acquaintance   with   English)   she   possesses.     She  stated  that  she 

*  An  ciiBnivinir  of  tliis  barn  is  to  be  (bund  at  p.  JO!)  of  Kcv.  K.  tl.  Voniiu's  Hi/  Caiinr 
and  J>o<j  Traill  amoiKj  tin  Vin  an<t  SaulUaitx  Iniliaiin,  Toronto,  I.S90. 


11 


knew  Mrs.  ]\[oodie  quite  well,  and  liail  often  camped  on  the  ^loodie  farm 
when  a  child.  She  remembered  "  Handsome  Jack,"  her  husband's  uncle, 
ana  had  heard  of  the  frog-eating  story  told  of  him  by  Mrs.  Moodie.  ^Irs. 
Bolin  claims  to  be  over  sixty-five  years  of  age,  and  the  people  around 
have  many  stories  to  tell  of  her  activity.  She  is  said  to  have  walked  over 
100  miles  from  a  farm  in  Muskoka  to  Skfigog,  driving  two  cattle  before 
her.  She  has  had  three  children,  one  of  whom  only  is  now  living.  Her 
memory  is  very  good,  and  her  knowledge  of  the  history  of  her  people 
considerable.  She  can  speak  English,  French  and  her  mother-tongue, 
and  can  read  but  not  write.  The  information  obtained  from  her  was  pro- 
cured with  great  care  and  discrimination,  and  its  accuracy  may  be  relied 
upon. 

The  Indians  at  Skugog  are  all,  nominally  at  least,  Christians,  and  a 
large  proportion  of  them  habitually  attend  the  village  church,  which  is 
served  generally  from  the  Port  Perry  Methodist  Church,  the  Indians 
l)elonging  to  that  religious  persuasion. 

The  chief  of  the  Skfigog  Mississagas,  at  the  time  of  their  settlement  in 
1844,  was  named  Crane.  The  latter  died  about  twenty-seven  years  ago, 
and  Chief  Johnson,  the  present  head  of  the  tribe,  is  his  successor,  who 
will  doubtless  leave  the  office  to  iiis  brother,  who  is  now  in  reality  tlie 
leading  spirit  of  the  settlement  (see  also  Journal  of  Aiaer.  Polk-Lorc,  i, 
1 50-1  GO). 

The  general  character  of  the  language  of  the  .Mississagas  of  Skfigog 
may  be  described  under  the  following  heads  : 


I.  Phonetics. 

The  vowel  sounds  of  the  Mississagas  are  : 

a  as  in  English  hard. 

fi     "  "      fatJicr. 

a     "  "      law. 

e     '■  •'      pen. 

6     "  "     //Ts/i  (but  more  strongly  littered). 

e     "  "      there. 

i      "  "      inti. 

I     "  "      pi(/nc\ 

o     "  "      not. 

6     "  "      note. 

n     "  "      htrk. 

fi  like  oo  in  English  boor. 

K  between  the  u  in  run  and  the  final  vowel  of  German  hidjen  or  English 

flower, 
kin  as  in  the  Xew  England  cow. 
iu  as  in  English  new  (not  nfi). 

In  his  Olchipwe  Orammar  (p.  2)  Bishop  Baraga  makes  the  following 


m 


12 


statemenl  :  "There  are  only  four  vowels  in  the  Otchipwe  language, 
nami'l}-,  n,  e,  i,  o.  This  language  has  no  u.  Those  letters  have  invari- 
ably the  same  sounds:  a  as  in  father,  e  as  in  met,  i  as  in  pin,  o  as  in 
vo/e.     And  there  are  no  exreptions." 

Tliese  remarks,  it  is  quite  evident,  cannot  apply  to  the  Mississaga, 
which  certainly  does  possess  a  u  and  other  vowel  sounds  not  recognized 
by  I'.araga,  although  they  are  by  Wilson. 

The  consonantal  sounds  are  : 

k  as  in  English  Icing. 

g      "  "       (JO- 

c  as  shin       "       shine. 
j  as  j  in  French  jour. 
tc  as  ch  in  English  church. 
dj  as  ,i  in  English  judge. 
t  as  in  English  ton. 
d      "  "       do. 

s      "  "        son. 

/      "  "       zone. 

p  as  in  English  pin. 
b      "  "        but. 

V        "  "  voir. 

m  as  in  English  man. 

n       "  "        no. 

ng     "  "        sing. 

y  as  in  English  ye. 

w       "  "         ^ClH.  , 

On  the  whole,  the  consonantal  sounds  of  the  Mississaga  seem  to  agree 
better  with  those  of  Cuo(i's  Nipissing  than  with  those  of  IJaraga's  Otcipwe. 

Consonants :  \\  b,  v  ;  m,  w  ;  d,  t ;  n  ;  ng  :  g,  k  ;  s,  tc  (as  eh  in  English 
church),  c  (as  sh  in  English  s7to)r),  /  (as  in  English  zone),  j  (as  in  French 
jour),  dj  (as  j  in  English  judge),  y  (as  in  English  year). 


II.   PllONUNCIATIOX. 

The  exact  reproduction  of  the  actual  pronunciation  of  many  of  the 
American  Indians  is  a  matter  of  considerable  dilliculty.  Even  where  the 
vowel  and  consonantal  sounds  are  comparatively  simple,  a  variation  in 
the  utterance  of  the  same  word  by  the  same  individual  on  diiferent  occa- 
sions has  been  frequently  noticed,  and  certain  letters  fail  to  be  clearly 
distinguished  from  certain  others.  These  facts  the  writer  bad  repeatedly 
called  to  his  attention  while  at  Skugog.  The  principal  substitutions  were 
as  follows  : 


13 

Vowels. 

E  =^  a,  o,  e,  i,  u. 
6  ^=  e,  c'. 

a  rrr  a,  0. 

i  —  e,  i. 
a  r=  o. 

u  -^  o. 

Ifeforence  to  tlie  vociibulary  will  pIiow  that  lliese  substitutions  occur 
very  frequently,  anil  the  fact  of  their  existence  has  been  noted  by  Baraga, 
(.'uoq  and  Wilson  as  regards  (Jtcipwc  and  Nipissing. 

Consonants. 

b-^l). 
d  =  t. 

g  -^  k. 
n  =^  nn. 

S  =3  8-S,  Z. 

C  :^  to  =  j  ^  dj   ---  S. 

W  =  U-. 

n-g=;ng-g. 

The  consonantal  substitutions  are  more  far-reaching  than  the  vocalic, 
and  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  to  sound  a  letter  as  b,  t.  k,  when  final, 
and  as  j),  d,  g  when  between  vowels,  or  tice  versa.  Tliis  fact  can  be  seen 
from  a  glance  at  the  vocabulary,  and  luis  l)een  already  noted  by  Baraga, 
and  seems  more  thoroughgoing  in  his  dialect  of  the  Otcipwc  than  it  is  in 
Mississaga. 

A  few  examples  may  be  given  to  illustrate  these  vowel  and  consonant 
substitutions  : 


Alder     -  EtO'p  ;  EtO'b. 

And  ^    tEc  ;  dKC. 

Animal       awe'ssi  ;  awo'si. 

Berry  --;  min  ;  min. 

Child  —  u'blno'dji  ;  fi'pino'tcl. 

God  :  :  kltcl  iiianitu  (or  mdnitfi). 


God  --kite!  mE'nldfi. 

God  =^  glcemmanitfi. 

Great  =  kitcu  ;  gitcl ;  ki'tce  ;  gitce. 

I  ^rn  nin  ;  nin  :  n§n. 

Stick  =  mitig  ;  mitlk. 

Wildcat  =  piji'i  ;  picifi. 


III.  Accent  and  Syllaiufication. 

The  state  of  our  knowledge  of  Algonkian  languages,  with  respect  to 
these  two  particulars,  is  very  Imjjerfect.  From  the  writer's  own  observa- 
tion, lie  is  inclined  to  regard  both  of  these  as  subject  to  not  a  little  varia- 
tion, seemingly  at  the  caprice  of  the  speaker.  That  the  accent  should  be 
upon  the  root  in  the  case  of  dissyllables  seems  reasonably  to  be  expected, 
but  Ibis  is  by  no  means  always  the  case.    Nor  docs  there  appear  to  be  any 


i 


'i 


14 


absolute  rule  for  the  accentuation  oi'  polysyllables.  The  real  character  of 
the  division  of  the  words  into  sylhiblos  is  indicated  as  far  as  possible  by 
the  phonetic  alphabet  ,,'hich  the  writer  lias  used,  but  it  by  no  means  fol- 
lows that  he  has  recoidod  the  words  in  tlie  exact  Avay  in  which  all  (or, 
perhaps,  even  most)  of  the  Indians  would  pronounce  them.  In  per- 
haps the  majority  of  dissyllables  the  stress  is  so  evenly  distributed 
that  there  is  practically  no  accent,  and,  in  lilie  manner,  a  long  word  may 
be  so  uttered  that  only  one  clearly  marked  accent  can  be  detected. 

IV.  Gkammaii  .\nd  Syntax. 

With  respect  to  tliese,  the  Mississaga  corresponds  very  close'y  to  the 
Otcipwe  and  Nipissing,  and  its  fundamental  principles,  being  those  com- 
mon to  these  and  other  Algonkian  dialects,  need  no  special  discussion 
here,  as  the  vocabulary  is  self-explanatory. 


V.    VoCABlLARV. 

The  words  in  the  vocabulary  obtained  at  Skfigog  correspond  in  general 
to  those  of  the  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe,  but  there  are  not  a  few  which  dif- 
fer from  these  and  may  be  held  to  be,  in  jtart,  marks  of  a  separate  <lialect. 

As  examples  of  words  which  do  not  admit  of  a  ready  explanation  upon 
comparison  with  Otcipwe  or  Nipissing,  tlie  following  may  be  cited  : 


Paniskagwe,  always. 
AtlcigEn,  crayon. 
WEsangu,  elm  bark. 
NasakwEnlgEU,  gate. 
Sfi'kiteg,  wick. 


Kwatad,  log. 
Aibi'gEnfib,  mother. 
GEbie'nwes,  mother. 
Sasl'nibieiug,  swallow. 


In  quite  a  number  of  instances  the  Skfigog  ^Mississaga,  in  the  case  ot 
derivative  nouns,  seems  to  prefer  a  longer  form,  or  often  a  shorter,  than 
the  Nipissing  or  Otcipwe.     Thus  : 


English. 
Chimney, 
Earring, 
Roof, 


po'towadjikEn, 

nabicabicEii, 

opukwEn, 


yipii-siiui. 
potowagan, 
nabiceon, 
apakwan. 


Otiipu-i'. 
bodowan. 
iiabisiiebison. 
apakudjitian. 


Sometimes  a  Skfigog  word  will  receive  a  better  explanation  when  the 
corresponding  word  in  tlie  Toronto  MS.  is  adduced.  For  example,  the 
Nipissing  luewija  (Otcipwe  mewija,  mewinja)  does  not  resemble  the 
Skfigog  word  for  "ago,"  nie'nwice,  so  much  as  does  the  menoui/uc 
("  formerly  ")  of  the  Ttn-onto  ^IS.  And  in  several  instances  in  whicli 
the  Skfigog  vocabulary  disagrees  with  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe  the  dis- 
agreement is  confirmed  by  tlie  Toronto  MS.  For  other  points  reference 
must  be  had  to  the  discussions  of  the  various  words  in  tlie  vocabulary 
itself. 


16 


There  are  many  questions  hound  up  with  wliat  may  he  termed  tlie 
psychology  of  hmguagc,  which  the  writer  lias  had  occasion  to  examine  in 
connection  with  his  investigations  amongst  the  Mississagas.  The  prln- 
oipa".  are  the  following  : 

.1.  Ononiatopteia. — The  part  which  onomatopo'ia  plays  in  the  oriirin 
and  development  of  language  has  been  much  discussed.  The  words  to 
which  an  onomatopoeic  origin  can  he  assigned,  in  the  language  of  the 
Mississagas  of  Skugog,  are  not  so  numerous  as  one  might  at  first  bo  led  to 
suppose,  J5ut  the  vocabulary  does  not  contain  a  very  large  percentage 
of  those  words  for  which  such  an  origin  might  be  suspected.  The  princi- 
pal onomatopceic  words  are  : 


DindS'sI,  jay. 
Cicip,  duck. 
Cicigwe,  rattlesnake. 


Kakaki',  raven. 
Kokoku,  screech-owl. 


In  connection  with  onomatopaias  the  remarks  of  Sir  Daniel  Wilson 
(Preh.  Man,  ii,  p.  80;"))  are  worthy  of  careful  attention,  in  that  they  serve 
to  illustrate  how  the  very  same  sound  may  be  interpreted  dilferently  by 
di  tie  rent  minds. 

D.  Enantiosemia. — The  theory  advanced  by  Dr.  Carl  Abel  regarding  the 
"Oegensinn  der  Urworte,"  or  the  denoting  by  primitive  man  of  the  "A  " 
and  the  "not-A,"  bj' the  same  word,  has  gained  considerable  currency, 
and  should  receive,  especially  in  America,  a  searching  investigation.  The 
vocabulary  of  the  Mississaga  does  not  show,  as  far  as  the  writer  is  able  to 
perceive,  traces  of  this  primitive  combinatory  process,  nor  does  his  ex- 
amination of  the  various  Algonkian  languages  lead  him  to  believe  that  it 
prevails  to  any  appreciable  extent  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term. 

C. — The  same  may  be  said  of  the  theory  put  forward  by  the  distin- 
guished psychologist.  Prof.  VVundt,  who  seems  inclined  to  maintain  that 
the  words  referring  to  things  or  actions  in  the  immediate  environment  of 
the  speaker,  required  less  muscular  action,  and  were  consequently  shorter 
than  those  which  related  to  more  distant  objects  or  actions. 

D.  Onomatology,  Scmatolor/y,  etc. — The  investigation  of  the  real  mean 
ing  and  primitive  signification  of  names  (l)oth  proper  and  common)  in  the 
-Vlgonkian  languages  is  a  subject  to  which  the  writer  has  devoted  some 
little  attention,  and  as  the  words  are  fully  discussed  with  regard  to  these 
in  the  vocabulary  it  is  necessary  only  to  make  a  few  general  remarks 
liere.  The  peculiar  nature  of  the  American  names  of  animals,  etc.,  is  too 
well  known  to  need  illustration  at  any  great  length.  A  few  examples  of 
the  various  classes  may  be  given  : 

1.  Proper  name  of  man  :  O'gimabine'c,  "chief  bird." 

Proper  name  of  woman:  Nfiwlgickoke,  "sun  in  centre  of  sky." 


I 


i 

II:'. 

!2.  Names  of  natuml  phenomena 

16 

• 

Iiaiiibov/,                otEgwa'iiIbl'isEu 
^filky  way,            nri'mcpakwg'bik 

EmItOWEt, 

'lie  rovers  the  rain." 
"  the  sturgeon  stirs  up  the 
lake  of  heaven  with 

Ills    nose   and   makes 

Eclipse,                  nIb(V  kl'zis, 
Moon,                     dg'bl  kl'zis, 

tlie  water  'rily.'" 
"dead  sun." 
"night  sun." 

ii.  Names  applied  to  other  peopl 

es  : 

Iroquois,                  nu'towr. 

"snake." 

Aiiierioan,              kitci  nKVkomEu, 

"big  knife." 

4.  Names  of  places  : 

Lake  Simcoe,         Ecunions, 

Lake  Superior,       otcii)we  kitcigu'i 

ning, 

"place  of  calling." 

"big  water  of  the  Otcip- 
we." 

f).  Names  of  seasons,  days,  etc.  : 

Spring,                    mino'kEmi, 
Sunday,                  unimi'E  gi'cikEt, 

"good  water." 
"  worship  daj'." 

0.  Names  of  parts  of  the  body  : 

Toes,                       nl'binokwEnisEtEn, 

"  they  run  in  rotation  "(V). 

T.  Names  of  indigenous  animals 

birds,  ill  sec 

s,  fish,  etc.  : 

Itabbit,                    -wripus, 
Insect,                    niHuitoc, 
^linnow,                gigo'sens, 
Moose,                    nions, 
Pike,                       Ivinri'iici", 
Raccoon,                assibEn, 
Swan,                      wabi'sT, 

"the  little  white  one." 

"  iielty  deity." 

"little  fish." 

"the  eater"  (?). 

"the  pointed  or  long  "('?). 

"the  oyster  eater."' 

"the  wliite  bird." 

s.  Names  of  indigenous  trees,  plants,  etc. 
Ash  v'llack),  wisa'gEk, 

liulnish,  EiKikEUKck, 

Corn,  niEndainin, 

Cranberry,  niKskrgamin, 

Currants(wikl),  aiiii'koniinuk, 

3[apU',  finiiia'tik, 

S  t  ra  w  b  e  r  ry ,  0 1  e '  m  i  n , 

11.  Names  of  implements,  etc.  : 

Axe,  wakakwEt, 

Chisel,  eckEn, 


"it  is  bitter." 
"  mat  plant." 
"grain      of     mysterious 

origin." 
"  marsh  fruit." 
"beaver  berries." 
•'the  tree." 
"heart  fruit." 


"crooked  stick." 
"horn." 


17 


Ilainmer, 
bhot, 

10.  Words 
Deaf, 

Glad,  I  am, 
Heaven, 

11.  Names 

Horse, 
Cat, 

13.  Names 

Carrot, 

O.its, 
Wheat, 


pEkT'iIgEn, 
ci'cibanvvins, 


'the  striker." 
'little  duck  ball." 


relating  to  abstractions  and  conditions  of  mind,  feeling,  etc. 
ka'kibi'cl,      •  "the  ears  are  stopped." 


ninbapinandEm, 
i'cpcming. 


"I  laugh  in  my  thoughts. 
"on  liijjrh." 


of  animals,  etc.,  introduced  by  the  European  settlers  : 


papfi'djikOgKci, 
k;'ulji;kEns, 

of  non-indigenous  fruits,  plants 
osa'vvEtci's, 
pai>a'djikuk6'clmi'djin, 
l)ak\ve'cikEni';ck, 


"it  has  one  hoof." 
"little  glutton." 


"yellow  turnip." 
"horse  food." 
"bread  herb." 


13.  Names  of  articles  of  dress,  food,  etc.,  introduced  by  the  whites  : 


Bead, 

Blanket, 

Cloth, 

Bread, 

Shirt, 


mi'initri'minis, 

wilpo'Ifi'vEn, 

niaiiliriwu'gin, 

pEkwe'cigEH, 


"seed  of  mysterious  (ni 

gin." 
"white  skin." 
"mysterious  skin." 
"  that  from  which  pieces 
arc  cut  off." 
pEpKkEwe'lEu,  "thin  skin." 

:Many  analogies  of  thought  between  the  :Mississaga  and  languages  of  the 
Old  World  might  be  pointed  out,  as  in  the  case  of  the  words  for  "goose- 
berry "  and  "cranberry,"  to  say  nothing  of  others  less  apparent.  The 
Indian  in  nicknaming  his  wife  OmintEmu'Enic,  "his  bad  old  woman," 
trenches  upon  a  ground  familiar  to  students  of  European  linguistics.  The 
examples  of  name-giving,  contained  in  the  vocabulary  of  the  Skugog 
Mississagas,  fully  justify  the  encomiums  passed  upon  that  characteristic 
of  many  American  languages  by  distinguished  students  of  philology  at 
home  and  abroad. 

E.  Word-Forming  and  Composition.— I'ha  fiicility  with  which  words  arc 
formed  and  combined  in  the  Algonkian  languages  is  easily  seen  tVom  a 
glance  at  a  te.\t  or  a  vocabulary.  The  method  of  procedure  varies  from 
thesimple  ju.xtaposition  of  words,  as  in  German,  English,  or  Chinese,  to 
complicated  agglutination  and  word  decapitation.  The  use  of  certain 
suffl.\es,  such  as  -kEn,  -gEa  (instrumental)  and  -win  (abstract  quality), 
is  very  extensive.  A  peculiarity  of  the  .Mississaga,  and  of  other  than 
Algonkian  languages  of  America,  is  the  possession  of  large  numbers  of 
radical  suffixes  and  affixes,  i  e.,  roots  which  have  no  independent  exist 
enceas  words,  but  take  the  place  of  the  real  words  in  composition.  In 
some  few  cases  the  real  words  and  the  radical  affixes  are  the  same  or  are 
closely  related  ;  these  radical  sutlixes  are  often  subject  to  loss  of  a  portion 


;-!t: 


18 


<»f  their  letters.  Another  peculiarity  of  the  language  is  the  fact  that  cer- 
tain words,  the  names  of  tije  parts  of  tiie  boily,  for  example,  must  always 
be  acc()mi)aniotl  by  tlie  pronominal  prefix.  The  importance  of  this  last 
chanicteristic  is  dwelt  upon  by  Prof.  Max  Miiller  (Natural  Religion,  1888, 
pp.  314,  ;U.')),  who  cites  an  interesting  fact  regarding  the  Moliawlv  Ian 
guage  to  illustrate  his  point. 

In  some  of  tiie  Algonkian  languvges,  more  so  in  Nipissing  th'in  in 
Mississaga,  there  seems  to  be  at  the  present  day  a  marked  tendency 
towards  the  use  of  diminutives,  especially  in  animal  names,  tiie  older  and 
shorter  word  being  dropped.  The  following  examples  will  serve  to  illus- 
trate the  foregoing  remarks  ; 

A    Composition  and  Word  Formation. — 

1.  Simple  juxtaposition  :  Otf'min  (his  heart  fruit)  =  strawberry. 

Amo  pi'mitg  (bee  grease)  =  bee's-wax. 
Osu'wK  iiing'fl  (it  is  yellow  bird)     -canary 
Ma'nitfi'  minis  (mysterious  seed)    ^bead. 
Kitci  manitfi  (great  spirit)  =  God. 

2.  With  Bindevocal  :        >[Ksk<jgamin  (marsh  fruit)  =  cranberry. 

Amikomin  (buaver  berry)    -wild  currant. 

3.  With  Elision  of  part  of  components  : 

Ani'nicip  (the  duck)  -black  duck. 
O.-aco'niE  (yellow  money)  ^-^  gold. 
Mi'tikwa'kEsin  (wood  siioe)  —  slioe. 


11.  Gompoution  with  liu'liral  Sajfices. — Some  of  the  principal  of  these 
radical  sutHxes  and  alli\es,  whose  use  is  illustrated  in  tlie  Mississaga 
vocabulary,  are  : 


-mic, 

tree  shrub  ; 

w  Ik  6 'pi  mic. 

bass-wood  tree 

ifi'yEn, 

skin,  fur  ; 

wfipo'ifiyEn, 

blanket. 

-SKk, 

manufactured  wood  ; 

napakisEk, 

board. 

-Eck, 

plant,  herb  ; 

EnnkEUECk, 

bulrush. 

-ci.  si, 

bird,  flying  creature  ; 

vvfiwatasi', 

firefly. 

-fi'tik,  wa'tik, 

plant,  stem  ; 

niKskegwa'tik, 

tamarack. 

-wak, 

hundred  ; 

ningo'twak, 

one  hundred. 

-(w)ribo, 

liquid  ; 

ickfi'tewii'bo. 

whisky. 

-ki':ml. 

water  (body  of) ; 

mino'kEmi, 

springtime. 

Other  examples  might  be  cited,  but,  for  instances  of  the  more  compli- 
cated word-building,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  words  ear-ring,  horse, 
king-fisher,  lamp,  looking-glass,  milky  way,  rainbow,  toes.  Some  of  these 
radical  suffixes  have  a  very  distant  resemblance  to  the  radical  words  in 
use  to  denote  the  same  idea,  and  a  certain  number  of  radical  words  agree 
exactly  with  the  suffixes,  but  the  greater  numt)er  have  no  independent 
existence.  There  is  no  possible  connection,  for  example,  between  the 
radical  nipi,  "  water,"  and  tlie  radical  suffixes -kKmi  and  (w)a'bo.    But 


19 


our  knowlcdjic  of  the  whole  field  of  Algonkiau  linguistics  is  not  such  iis 
to  enable  us  to  speak  with  certainty  regarding  the  ultimate  origin  of  these 
radical  siillixes. 

C.  The  very  wide  use  and  extended  signification  of  the  suffix  -gEn, 
-kKD  is  seen  from  the  following  examples  : 

Bell,  giiolfi'kEn.  Hammer,  pEki'tigEn. 

Hook,  masinfi'igicn.  Marsh,  toto'gEn. 

Bread,  pEkwfi'cIgEn.  .  Plate,  onfi'gEu. 

Crayon,  alicigEn,  Pipe,  Opwfi'gKn. 

Gun,  packi'sikEu.  Torch,  wawu'gEn. 

D.  The  following  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  formation  of  diminutives 
and  delerioratives  : 


Calf, 

pi'djikins  ; 

from 

pi'djiki, 

cow. 

Clam. 

cs(s)ens ; 

es. 

o\-ster. 

Creek, 

si'bic  ; 

si'pi. 

river. 

Dog, 

animiVc  ; 

[anim. 

dog],  radical  obsolete. 

Gir"i, 

ekwa'sens  ; 

ekwu. 

woman. 

Gull  (young). 

griy6ckons  ; 

guy6ck. 

gull. 

Insect, 

manitoc  ; 

manito, 

spirit. 

Minnow, 

gigo'sens  ; 

[gig'^i, 

fish],  radical  obsolescent 

While,  as  a  rule,  the  order  of  the  components  of  a  word  appears  to  be 
the  same  in  Mississaga,  Otcipwe,  Nipissing,  etc.,  still  there  are  some  cases 
of  difl'erence.     For  example  : 


End  of  the  earth, 
Egg-shell, 


aki  kickog, 
okE'nawE  (its 
bone  egg), 


Otripwr. 

gi-ickwa-akiwan. 


Oree. 

wawi-oskan 
(egg  its  bone). 


As  a  curious  instance  of  the  way  in  which  the  Indians  coin  words,  and 
of  the  strange  combinations  which  might  occur  in  the  vocabularies  of 
those  who  are  not  at  all  acquainted  with  the  language  which  they  record, 
the  writer  wishes  to  mention  the  following  experience  of  his  own. 
While  at  Skfigog  he  happened  to  ask  an  Indian  what  the  Mississaga  word 
for  "honeycomb"  was,  and  he  received  the  astonishing  answer:  fimo 
pinokwEn,  i.e.,  "bee  comb,"  and  a  further  question  elicited  the  equally 
remarkable  umo  siaibakwEt  pInokwEn,  "bee  sugar  comb."  This  is 
worth  record  as  a  jeu  d'esprit  snnvdge.  Xo  doubt  this  enterprising 
Indian  could  have  accomplished  much  more  in  the  same  line. 

The  influence  of  French  and  English  upon  the  Algonkiau  kguages 
may  be  estimated  from  the  following  loan-words  in  the  Mississaga  : 


omi'i'ate, 
bKtn, 
cagEnoc, 
na'pane. 


bottle, 
button. 
Englishman, 
flour, 


-=  French,     bouteillc  (V). 
=  English,  button. 
^  French,    anglais  (?). 
=        "         lafarine. 


20 


Frencli,    mouchoir  (in  Can.  Fr.  mucwC'i). 
"         iln  ruhan  (?). 
"         coehon  (?). 


uificwc"',  iiandkcrcliiuf, 

st'iiipEii,         ribbon, 
liuiiu'c,  liog, 

Tlio  cliange  of  iicrent  in  rcrtaiii  otlier  words  may  perhaps  be  ascribed 
to  Eiiropi-an  iiitluciue. 

Tiie  only  oilier  lo;inword  occnrring  in  the  vocabulary  is  owlcto'iyfi, 
"blacksmith,"  wiiich  is  of  Iroquois  origin. 

While  thoy  are  not  in  all  cases  to  be  regarded  as  tiie  source  of  the  words 
introduced  into  the  English  language  in  America,  reference  may  be  had 
to  the  !Mississaga  and  cognate  dialects  for  tiie  explanation  of  the  etymol- 
ogies of  the  following  : 

see  maiiilu,  spirit. 

"  maskino'nce,  maskinonge. 

"  oinKkEsin,  his  shoe. 

"  nioiis,  moose. 

"  niKKKk,  box. 

"  iiiEskeg,  swamp. 

'•  ekwfi,  woman. 

odo'dEm,  his  totem. 

"  wi'kiwam,  liouse. 

"  ntcig,  fisher. 


Manito,  manitou, 

JIaskinonge, 

Moccasin, 

^loose, 

^lowkowk, 

^luskeg, 

Squaw, 

Totem, 

Wigwam, 

Woodchuck, 


The  words  taken  into  the  French  language  of  Canada,  the  origin  <it 
which  is  illustrated  by  the  Mississaga,  are  : 


acIgEn  (bass). 
manito  (spirit). 
mEskeg  (swamp), 
iiiaskino'ner-. 

EmIkwKn  (spoon). 

onfi'gKn  (plate), 
pakaniiis  (haz<'l-nut). 
kllcigfi'mite  (it  is  hot). 


Achigane  (bass),  se»! 

Manitou  (spirit;,  " 

Maskeg  (marsh),  " 

Maskinonge,  " 

Micouane,      >  ^ 

Af  i  (*^poon),         " 

3licouenne,   S 

Ouragan  (plate,  dish),  " 

Pacane  (liickory-nut),  " 

Sagamite  (porridge),  " 

While  at   Skfigog,  the  writer  made  several  efforts  to  learn  whether  a 
"child  language"  existed,  winch  Avas  dilTerent  from  the  ordinary  speech. 
lie  was  successful  in  obtaining  but  two  words  of  this  class,  viz. : 
tetS,  father.  d5do,  motlier. 

Mr.  Salt  furnished  him  with  two  others  ; 

num-na,  sweet.  tup-pe-ta,  greasy. 

There  do  exist,  no  doubt,  many  more  su^h  words,  and  the  writer  hopes 
again  to  investigate  tliis  interesting  department  of  linguistics  (see  Amcr. 
Anthrop.,  iii,  p.  23H). 

As  further  indicating  the  relation  in  which,  phonetically  and  grammati- 
cally, the  Mississaga  of  Skugog  stands  to  the  Nipissing  of  Cuoq  and  the 
Otcipwe  of  Baraga  the  following  may  be  cited : 


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c 

w 

;h 

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,=  r~ 

o. 

K 

s 

5 

tf. 

is 

is 

^' 

jii 

' 

.5 

W* 

^   u 

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i 

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«    M .«  .r:    E 


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^    y  ^    5    C    ^ 


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w         .         L. 


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1^  r-  r^ 


24 

The  above  are  the  principal  points  whicli  the  writer  has  considered  in 
bis  study  of  tlie  ^Nlississaga.  The  vocaljulary  has,  as  tar  as  possible,  been 
made  etymological,  and  the  meanings  of  all  proper  names  have  been 
examined.  For  comparison  with  cognate  dialects  the  following  works 
have  been  consnlted  : 

CuoQ,  J.  A.  Lexuiue  dc  In  Lciigne  Algomjinne.  :Monlieal,  18s(l.  ^Vhere 
"Cuoq"  is  referred  to,  this  book  is  meant,  and  where  the  "  Xipis- 
sing"  dialect  is  cited,  the  language  of  this  dictionary  is  intended. 

BAK.xr.A,  R.  R.  Bisiioi'.  A  Thtoreticdl  and  Practical  Granimar  of  the 
Ofrhipici  LatKjuafje,  etc.     A  second  edition,  etc.     Montreal,  l^iTH. 

,    _ .     ^1  Diclioii'iri/   <if  the    Otehipw    Langnaf/e.    I'art   I  : 

English -OtchipwO.  Montreal,  1ST8.  Part  If  :  OtchipwO  -  English. 
Montreal,  1S80.  Where  "  Uaraga "  is  quoted,  or  the  "OicipwO" 
language  referred  to,  these  works  are  meant  (unless  others  are  specif- 
ically mentioned). 

Lacomhk,  r.E  Rkv.  Peije  Ai.n.  Dictlonnairc  de  la  Langtie  des  Crig. 
Montreal,  1874.  Where  "  Lacoml)e  "  is  (iiu)led,  or  the  "Cree"  lan- 
guage referred  t(),  this  b  lok  is  meant. 

Wli-soN,  Re\  .  E.  F.  '/'he  Ojebiray  Laiu/'iai/e.  A  ]\Ianual  for  ]Mission- 
aries,  etc.  Toronto,  1874.  Where  "Wilson"  is  cited,  this  book  is 
meant. 

Bhinton,  n.  G.,  and  Antmonv,  A.  S.  ,1  Li  ndpe- English  Dicfionari/. 
Philadelphia,  188><.  Where  the  "  Lenape "  language  is  cited,  this 
work  is  the  authority. 

Tims,  Rev.  .].  W.  Grmnmir  and  Dictionary  of  the  Blackfoot  Laurjuaqe 
in  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  London  [188!)].  This  is  the  authority 
for  "  Blackfoot"  words. 

VoCAltULAUV    OF     THE     LaNHUAOE     OK     THE     ^MlsslsSAOAs    OE     SKL'Oon, 
OliTAINEl)    IN    AlfilST,    1S88,    AT    SkL<:(>G    IsLAND. 


A. 


Afternoon,    gr'ickwKiKikwE   (from 
the  prefix  ;/t-,  "past;"  the  radi- 
cal ickwK,  "after,"  and  nawd'kwK, 
"noon  "). 

Again,  mi'nawa  ;  ini'nawE  (this 
word  Is  probably  composed  of  the 
particle  mi,  and  naicE  =  Nipissing 
narrate,  "  plus  "). 

Ago  (((  hmg  while),  nie'nwice  (ety- 
mology '.'). 

Alder,  Eto'p  ;  Elo'b  (the  cognate 
Cree  atuspiy  seems  derived  from 


eitna,  "arrow  ;  "  the  Indians  used 
the  wood  for  that  pur|)osc). 
AU,  kEkiniiE;  kEkiuK  (from  radical 

/,k/,/,  and  sullix  -nv.). 
Always,  paniska'gwc  (the  first  com- 
ponent =  Nipissing  and  ()t(ipwe 
apine,  "  always  "). 
American    (on),    kitci    nio'komEu 

("  big  knife  "). 
And,  tEC  ;  di;c. 

And  then,  miii'.c;  midKC  (from  the 
particle  nn,  the  exact  signification 
of  which  is  not  clear,  and  tKc). 
Angry  (are  you  angry?),  gi'nieka' 


25 


disne    (from    gl-.     "you,"    and 
nicki'i'dis,    "to  be  angry,"    from 
the  radical  «n/--,  "angry  ; "'  nv  is 
interrogative  particle). 
Anitihd,  awu'ssi ;    awT-'si    (etymol- 
ogy?       In      Nipissing      awesins 
means  only  "wild  animal  "). 
Apple,   M-rrijimin   ("while  fruit;" 
from  tiie  radicals  iCfil>,   "white," 
and  Mill,  "fruit  "). 
Apple  tree,  wri'himiniguc  (from  ir,'i'. 
biiniii,    "apple,"    and   tiie   sullix 
radical  -fjnc,  "tree,  shrul)  "). 
Arm,  onik  ("hi>  arm  ;  "  »-,  jiosscs- 
sive  particle  of  tiiird  person,  and 
the  radical  ?u'A-,  "arm."     A  word 
for    "arm"   without  one   of  the 
personal    prefixes   attached    does 
not  exist.    This  remarlv  applies  to 
various  other  parts  of  the  body). 
Arrow  (irooi/en),  ''kwak  (Cuoq  de- 
rives  the  corresponding  Nipissing 
word     from     the  "  radical    pi/,i'>, 
"liossii,  en  sailiie."  Tliis  is  prob- 
ably correct,  as  the  name  is  prop- 
erly applied  to  a  wooden  arrow 
with  a  blunt  head"). 
As/i  (//•<('),  (for  "ash,"  irrespective 

of  species,  no  word  is  in  use). 
AsIc     {hlarl.),     wisA'gEk     (proliilily 
'■the  bitter  tree."  Compare  Otcipwe 
wissnijit,     "it     is     bitter."      One 
Indian     pronounced     this     word 
(nsii'dJKk). 
Aunt,    ninu'ce    ("my  aunt;"    nl-, 
possessive  prefix  of  the  first  per- 
son, and  nu'cf,  radical  signifying 
"  mother's  sister"). 
Autumn,  tagwa'gi  (etymology'.'). 
Autumn  (last),  takwfi'gong  (sullix 

-onrj,  "last  "). 
Airin/ .'  aw  ks  ( "  go  away  I  "  properly 
an  adverb  signifying  "away,   at 
a   distance;"    it  is   used  both  of 
persons  and  things). 
Axe,  AvakakwEt  ("crooked  stick  ;  " 


from  the  radical  wuk,  "crooked," 
and  the  radical  sullix  I'lkwEt, 
"made  of  wood,  stick;"  -nkwEt 
is  probably  from  radical  nk,  "of 
wood,  wood,"  with  sullix). 


B. 


B(tcl,-,   opikwicn   ("his   back;"    o-, 
"his,"      and      radical      pikicEn, 
"back  ";. 
J><(il.     matfi  ;      nia'nate     (properly 
"ugly,  deformed,"  from  the  radi- 
cal htii'n,  with  verbal  suflix). 
B'lif,  kawin  nicicin  ("not  good"). 
/)'«,'/,  niKskintu*  (etymology?). 
Bull  {hulUf)  aiiwi  (in  Nipissing  this 
word     lias    tlie     more    primitive 
meaning,  "  arrow  "). 
Biils((m  (Abies batsK men), amn6m]Ek. 
(Cuoq  derives  tlie  corresponding 
Nipissing    word    linnnndnk   from 
tiie  radical  inii,,  "  vrai,  natural," 
and  the  radical  sullix  -(indnk,  ap- 
plied to  tlie"ft»lia^eand  branches" 
of  evergreen  trees.     This  etymol- 
ogy is  a  good  one). 
Biirk,  wana^-i;k  (in   Mississan'a  this 
word   is  applied   to  ail  l)arks  ex- 
ceiit   bircli    i)arl^,  as  is  also  Cree 
K(iyiike»k,  tlie  corresponding  word. 
In     Baraga's    Otcipwe     wmiagek 
means  "cedar  bark  "). 
Bnrleji  (no  name  in  use). 
B'irrel,  mukukua'sEk  (from  miil-uk, 
"box,"  and  the  sullix  -mk.  signi- 
fying  "  boxful  "). 
Bass  {lilack),  aciiiKn  (Ijaeombe.  p. 
707,  attempts  a  rapproeliement  of 
Otcipwe    ((c/df/iin,     "bass,"   and 
'I'li'il'in,    "sock,  foot-rag  ;  "   prob- 
attly  from  the  shape  of  the  fi.sh). 
Basswoiid   tree   {Tilia    Americnna), 
wiko'pimic  (from    w'ikop,    "bass- 
wood,"  and  -mie,  sullix,  "tree;" 
the    radical    of     u'lkop    is    ki>p, 


lii.! 


26 


"bast;"  wl-  is  probiibl}-  u  prefix 
of  the  third  person) 

Bat,  obukwEiifi'dji  (the  Nipissinu' 
pakwaantcenjk  is  said  by  C'lioq  to 
be  a  contraction  of  pakicdna  pit  >•- 
cenjic,  "roiseau  inccrtain  qui  va 
au  hasard,"  the  radical  of  tlie  first 
partbeinu'  pakirdna,  "at  'a/.urd, 
aimlessly."  The  corresj  ondinn; 
Otilpwr  word  is  /iiipt'ikiri'inadji, 
Crec  apnkkwhtis.  Ciioq's  etymol- 
ojry  is  doubtful). 

Bead,  mi'mitu'niinis  ("seed  of  mys- 
terious origin;"  from  vn'i'iitu, 
"something  mysterious,"  and 
'minis,  "seed,  or  grain."  Mrs. 
IJolin  said  that  when  the  Indians 
first  saw  beads  they  held  them  to 
be  of  supernatural  origin.  See 
Corn). 

Bean,  micko.lissimin  (possibly  from 
vii''ko=z  jiiisko,  "it  is  red;"  odi'i, 
"  his  navel  ;  "  min,  "seed 
Bindevocal). 

Bear,  mi'ikwa  (etymology '?). 

Bidi;    Great    (constellation), 
(named    after    the    "fisher 
pecan,  oli'l;/). 

Beard,  misa'kwodo'n  ("  he  has  hairs 
at  his  mouth  ;"  from  the  radicals 
mUiik  [pi.  of  ?/(?'.si],  "hairs,"  and 
odo'n,  "  his  mouth  "). 

Beat  (til  strikt),  kapakitE  {pakitK, 
"he  strikes;"  from  an  onomato- 
po'ic  radical  ;)(?/■,  "tostrikc  ;"  ka 
is  a  prefix.  See  Cuoq,  p.  ['•>'}. 
note). 

Beautiful,  o'kwKno'djnvE  ;  kwEiio'- 
djiwEn  ("it  is  1)eautiful  ;"  from 
the  radical  kirv.ui'iilj,  e.xprosing 
the  idea  of  "beautilul,  beauty  ;" 
o-  is  prefix,  -'nn:  sutlix). 

Biaver,  amik  (etymology".'). 

Bee,  amo  (etymology  V). 

Beehive,  Amo  i'kamik  ;  amo  wi'ka- 
mik  ("bee  house  ;"  mno,  "bee," 
and  vVkamik,  "house  "). 


I  IS 


ntclg 

"    or 


Beech  tree,  acawe'mic  (from  acawc', 
and  the  radical  suflix  -mic,  "  tree;" 
in  Otcipwe  the  beechnut  is  called 
ajawi'i/iin.  The  tree  name  prob- 
ably come>  from  d'cawr',  "it  is 
angular,"  referring  to  its  nuts  or 
fruit). 

Beet,  miskotci's  ("red  turnip;" 
hiisko,  "it  is  red,"  and  tc'is, 
"turnii)"). 

Bdl,  giloiakEn  (-kKn  is  instru- 
mental suffix  ;  the  radical  is  seen 
in  {.'reakitiiw.  "  it  makes  a  sound." 
Cuoq  says  Nipissing  kitotagan-^ 
"any  instrununt  that  makes  a 
noise  "). 

Birrh  bark,  wigwES  (etymology?). 

Birch-bark  canoe,  wigwES  (it  is 
worthy  of  note  that  wiyicES  ot 
itself  signifies  "canoe,"  "tree," 
"bark"). 

Birch-bark  dish,  nockatcignn  (this 
name  is  applied  to  a  birch  bark 
dish  used  in  winnowing  rice. 
In  C'uoq's  Nipi.ssing  nockadjigKn 
means  a  "sieve."  The  word 
comes  from  nocka,  the  radical  of 
the  verb  nin  /i"ckatci(;K,  "  I  win- 
now." G^n  is  instrumental 
sutlix,  here    ^  "  dish  "). 

Birch  tree,  wigwEs  (etymology'.'). 

Birch  tree,  wi'nisik  (in  Baraga's 
Otcipwe  and  C'uoq's  Nipissing 
irii/isik  means  a  "wild  clierry 
tree,"  "  merisier."  Thai  the 
Mississaga  signification  is  not  en- 
tirely arbitrary  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  Cuo(j  gives  as  a  deriva- 
tive of  irikiras,  "  bouleau,"  the 
woril  irikiraniinij,  "cerisier"). 

Bird,  pine'cl  (diminutive  from  root 
pini). 

Black,  makatewE  ("it  is  black;" 
from  the  radical  makide,  "  black;" 
-WK  verbal  sullix). 

Blacksmith,  owiclo'  iya  (this  loan- 
word,   wliich    occurs    in   several 


. 


27 


Algonkian  tlialects,    is  borrowed 
from  the   Iroquois.     Cuoq  refers 
the    Xipissiuj;    nickioiit    to    the 
Iroquois  airictonni,   "ouvrier  en 
fer"). 
Blanket,      wapu'i-u'yEu     ("white 
skin  ; "'   from  the  radical  imp  or 
wab,    "white,"   and   the    radical 
suffix  -Vii/En,  "skin." 
Block  (oftcood),  kusaki'ic  (i)robably 
from  root  cognate  with  Nipissiug 
radical,  kick,  to  "cut"). 
Blood,  uiiskwi  (this  is  very  closely 
related  to  the  radical  miskwE,  or 
oitisko,  "  red  "). 
Blue,  ocfiwaskwE  ("it  is  blue;"  a 
derivative   from   the  root  ocdwv., 
"green  "). 
Bluebird,    ocawasknpine'ci  ("blue- 
bird;"   vcihcdxk').    "blue,"     and 
irine'cl,  "bird"). 
Blueberry,    min  ;   min    (this   word, 
besides  the  special  signification  of 
"bluel)erry,"  has  also   the   gen- 
eral   meaning  of    "fruit,    berr}-, 
grain,"  c  Ic.) 
Board,   nai)akisKk   (from    the   root 
'nap(ik,"\\i\i,  flattened;"  .av.k  is 
a  sufllx    signif^^ing    "wood  in   a 
manufactured  state  "). 
Boat  (canoe),  tcima'n  (etymology  I). 
Body,    ni-Ia   ("my  body;"    ni-  is 
poss.   i)ref.    of  first    person  ;    the 
radical  is  li'i). 
Bone,  okKn  (»-  is  tliird  person  pre- 
fix ;  the  radical  is  kv.n). 
Book,  niasina'-igKii  fa  derivative  of 
the  radical  nidnlna,  "painted,  en- 
graved, writ  ten,  "etc.,  through  t  lie 
verb    mdfihiii'i(jE,    "to   draw,    to 
write  ;  "  -qkh  is  instrumental  suf- 
fix.    A   "book"    is   "that   upon 
which    something    is    drawn    or 
written  "). 
Bottle,  Omu'ate  (probably  this  and 
the  corresponding  omodni  of  Bar- 


aga's Otcipwe  are  but  derivatives 
of  the  French  boufeille,  through 
I'lbutc  or  iibudc). 

Bow,  mitigwa'l)  (the  etymology  of 
tliis  word  is  uncertain  ;  the  first 
part  api^ears  to  be  m'ltig,  "stick, 
wood  "). 

Box,  miiki-.k  (etymology?). 

Boy,VL\m\o'Un(i.  e.,  "child,"/;.  ?;  ). 

Boy  kwiwisens  (tliis  is  probably  a 
derivative  l)y  the  diminutive  -ens, 
of  a  form  kicVwis;  of  which  ety- 
molog3'  ?). 

Boy,  ekwy'wisis  ftliis  appears  to  be 
an  individual's  peculiar  pionuu- 
ciatiou  of  thi'  previous  word  ;  it 
was  so  pronounced  by  the  chief's 
niece). 

Branch  (of  tree),  atikwEn  (the  rad- 
ical is  at'tk,  which  is  a  suflix  sig- 
nifying "wood,  tree,  stick;" 
■ME/*,  sutiix). 

Bread,  pEkwe'cigEn  (this  word  is 
derived,  througli  the  verb  pokier' ■ 
cigv.,  "to  cut  pieces  off  anything 
wifli  a  knife,"  from  the  radical 
pv.kirv.,  "a  bit.  a  piece."  The  In- 
dians called  bread  pEkwe'cigKn, 
"that  from  which  pieces  are  cut 
off,"  because  tliey  first  saw  loaves 
of  bread  when  being  cut.  The 
sullix  -gyji  is  here  used  in  one  of 
its  widest  senses  -"thing."  In 
C'ree  pukkwejiijan  has  the  mean- 
ing also  (.)f  "liit,  morceau"). 

Bring,  nin  pito'n  ("I  liring  ;  "  the 
radical  is  pi    -  "come  "). 

Brother  ni'djiki'wE  ("he  is  my 
friend;"  from  ///  "my, "and  djlkV - 
trE,  "he  is  friend  ;"  the  radical  is 
dj~i,  '•  friend  "). 

Brother     (elder),    nissa'vE     ("my 
elder     brother-;  "     ru  =  "  my  ;  " 
the  radical  is  sd'yE,   "elder  bro- 
ther"). 
Brother  (younger),  nisse'uu-:  ("my 


Ml 


n 


28 


younger  brother  ;  "  ni^--  "my  ;  " 
the  radical  is  «< 'mE,  "younger 
lirother"). 

Brother- i/hhnc,  ni'ta  ("  my  brother- 
in-law  ;"  rn  =  "my  :"  the  radi- 
i,il     is    (I'l,    "brother  -in   -  law 
friend  "). 

JhilUt,  iinwi  fsee  Ball). 

Bullfrog,  pKpika  diadu  (this  seems 
to  signifv  "  tlea  frog,"  from  py.pif,, 
"  tlea,"  and  iHiuV .  "  fn>g. "  Ciioq 
gives  for  "toad."  in  Xipissing, 
])(tpikomiil-iiki  and  juipikotd/iendc, 
of  liive  signification.     See  '/hud). 

Bulrush,  En6l<Eni';ck  ("mat  plant ;" 
from  v.ii('il:\'j).  "a  mat,"  and  the 
radical  suflix  -v.ek.  "plant  ;"  so 
called  because  used  to  make 
mats). 

Burdock.  OsakatabawEu'  ("sticky 
tiling."  The  liist  part  of  this 
■word  is  probably  misheard  for 
husiik.  Compare  Otcipwe  IxiHSKko- 
nindjin.  "  my  hands  arc  sticky  "). 

Butterfly,  mamangw  k  (etymology  V). 

Button,  bi';tn  (^the  Einglish  word 
"button"). 


C. 


Cuke,  pi'^kwc'cikons  (  "  little  loaf;  " 
■a/is  is  diminutive  sulli.\.  See 
Bread ). 

C(dj\  iii'djikins  ("little  cow  ;  "  -inn 
is  din\inutive  siillix). 

CiOiari/dnrd.  usa  wEpine'oi  (from 
('/((('i  icK.  "ills yellow, ' " and laui  '•■'/, 
"bird") 

Cuiioe,  oteima'n  ("his  canoe:"  i>- 
is  third  person  pretlx). 

Canoe  (bireli-hark),  wigWKs  ("ety- 
mology?). 

Carrot.  osa'wEtci's  (from  oxd'wp.. 
"it  is  yellow,"  and  tc'is,  "tur- 
nip")." 


Cat,  kadjEkEDs  (probably  "the  lit 
tie  glutton;"  compare  Xipissing 
kojitki.    "to    eat   gbittonniisly  ;  " 
■iis  diminutive  suflix). 

Cuterpilhn;  niEsons  (see  Nettle). 

Cedar  {Thuia  occidentalis),  ki'jik 
(etymology".'). 

Cherry,  okwa'min  (probably  "mag- 
got fruit;"  from  okicn',  "mag- 
got," and  mill,  "  fruit  "). 

Cherry  tree  (black),  okwfi'mic  (-mic 
is  a  suHix  denoting  "tree,  shrub"). 

Ch( rry  (Chi'ke-),  (see  Choke  cherry). 

Chickitdie  ( I'arux  atricapillus),  gi'd- 
jikone'ci  (the  corresponding  Ni- 
])issiiig  word  is  kitcikitciknnecinjic, 
and  kitci  is  reduplicated). 

Chief,  o'kiina'  (etymology'?). 

Ohief  {(jrmt),  gitci  (Vkinu'i'. 

Chief  (Utile),  o'kima'ns  (-«.s  is  a  di- 
minutive suflix). 

Child,  fi'lMnu'dji  ;  a'pinotci  (Cuoq 
derives  the  corresjionding  X^ipis- 
sing  term  abimdedij,  through  an 
ol)Solete  form,  nbenafc,  from  the 
root  (>/;(',  "man."  He  states,  also, 
that  wliile  word  atnnotcenj  is  ai>- 
plied  to  a  child  [of  either  sex]  he- 
low  the  age  of  jniberty,  abenote 
was  restricted  to  the  meaning  of 
"male  child."  It  is  interesting 
to  find  the  Mississagas  using  d'bl- 
uo'tc'i  for  "bo}'."  Cuo(i's  ety- 
mology of  the  word  is  open  to 
some  doubt). 

Chimney,  po'tnwadjikEn  (derived 
from  the  radical  iiii'toira,  "to  make 
a  fire  ;"  •kv.n,  is  instnunental  suf- 
fix. Tiic  corresponding  terms  in 
Otcipwe  and  Xiiiissing  are  boda- 
7cdn,  potawaga/i). 

Cliiii,  utamikEn  ("his  jaw;"  c>-  is 
third  person  prefix  :  the  radical 
is /(?wj/,KH,  'Jaw,"  in  which  the 
radical  -kv.n,  "bone."  is  probably 
contained). 


29 


Chipmunk,     ogwinggwis ;     gitc-og- 

gwinggwis  {tjitc  ^=  "large  "). 
Chisel,  kvkv.w  (litcnilly  "horn,"  out 
of  which  material  'chisels"  were 
iniule"). 
Choke,- cherry.  usesEwa'mln  (etj'mol- 
ogy?      Baraga     has    slssinnmi/i. 
"a   kind   of  wild   cherry;"    tiie 
last  component  is  iiiin.  "fruit  ") . 
Churcli,    ani;mT'aml'kamilv    ("wor- 
ship  house;''    from  the    radicals 
(I'liKini,  "worship,"  and  ir/'kamtk, 
"  house  "). 
City,  gilci  odu'iiK  ("great  town  "'). 

Chim,  iissens ;  essens  (diminutive 
from  the  radical  es,  us,  "oyster, 
shell,"  with  tiie  suffix  -eii.y). 

Clair,  Ockdncig  ("  his  claws  ;  "  from 
the  radical  i-knae,  "claw,  nail"). 

Clay,  wfi'liigKn  (prohalily  from  the 
root  iciih.  "while,"  with  the  suf- 
fix of  agent,  ■ijV.n'). 
'  Cliith,  manito-wa'gin  (literally 
"mysterious  <kin,"  or  "skin  of 
supernatural  origin;"  from  nii'ni- 
ito,  "mysterious,  suiiernatural," 
and  radical  sulHx  -id'yi/t,  "the 
skin  of  a  large  aninial."  The  In 
dians  gave  this  name  to  the  cloth 
which  they  obtained  from  the 
Europeans.  Compare  the  word 
for  "  head  "). 

Cloth  {{/ray),  Avfi'hlgin  (from  tlie 
radical  irub,  "while,"  and  the 
radical  suflix  -iru'r/in,  "skin  ").  | 

Cloth  (red)  miskwa'gin  (from  thi' 
radical  misk-,  "red,"  and  the 
radical  sullix  -irii'(/i»,  "skin"). 

Cloth  (white),  wapiski'gin  (from 
inipiskK,  "it  is  white,  '  and  tin' 
radical  sufli.x  -mVf/iu,  "skin"). 

Cloud,  ana k WE    ;"  it  is  cloudy  "). 

Codl  (((),  EkEkadJR  (etymology'.'). 

(.'oiil  oil,  ))i'mitc  (  "  grease  "). 

Cold,  ki'zini-;  ("it  is  cold"). 

Comli,  pinokwEn  (Cuoq  thinks  that 


the  corresponding  Nipissing  pin- 
aktcan,  signifies  literally  "abat- 
poux,"  from  the  roots  pin,  "to 
fall,"  and  ikwa,  "louse."  This 
derivation  is  very  doubtful.  La- 
combe  connects  the  Cvcc  pinahik- 
kwi'tii,  "comb,"  with  the  radical 
/li/i,  "tomber  en  pieces,  ctre 
menu,  fin,"  which  seems  more 
reasonable). 

C'on;  findas  ("  [comej  here  ;"  prob- 
ably the  same  as  tiie  Nijjissing 
oinhije,  "here,"  which  is  derived 
1)3'  Cuoq  from  oom,  "  cc,  ceci," 
and  daje^=t(ije,  a  local  adverb. 
If  this  etymology  be  correct,  the 
"/'•  of  the  ^lississaga  is  more 
primitive  than  the  on-  of  the  Xi- 
l)issing  word). 

Cool.-,  tcibokwF.  ("he  cooks;"  "he 
makes  ready  for  e;\ting"). 

Copper,  o'sawa'bik  ("yellow 
metal  ;"  from  nsu'irK,  "  it  is  yel- 
low," and  the  radical  siiflix 
-Wi'i'hik,  "metal,  mineral"). 

Corn,  niKudrrmiii  (probably  "grain 
of  mysterious  origin,"  oiK/nla 
being  possibly  a  disguised  form 
of  mi'inlto.  Cuo((  derives  the 
Xipissing  ni'indumin  from  tlie 
TM\'iiii\sm((i)d((,  "admirable,  mer- 
veilleux,"  and  mio,  •grain  "). 

Cum  soup.  mEnda'mina'bu  (the 
root  sufiix  -u'Wi  siiiuifies  "liquor, 
li(iuid  "). 

Co>r.  ekwii  pi'djiki  (••  woman  ox  "). 

Cniiiberry.  ntEskcgamin  ("marsh- 
berry;"  from  inv.skiii.  "swamp, 
marsh."  and  miu.  "fruit,  l)erry." 
The  etymological  meaning  recalls 
the  dialectic  I'.nglish  "fenberry  " 
for  the  same  fruit). 

Crane.  sKsa'gT  (etymology  ?). 

Crarat,  nabikwa'gEn  (this  word 
properly  signifies  "anything  worn 
on,  or  suspended  from,  tiie  neck." 


30 


Tlic  radicals  are  tu'ihi.  "suspended, 
hanging  from. "  and  -kwu'gKn,  suf- 
fix ™  '•  noclv  "). 

Crawfish,  acagac'i ;  ociigtvci  (this 
word  is  probably  derived  from 
the  adverb  riulical  ock.  'back- 
wards," through  the  word  I'lcngE. 
"to  move  backwards."  This 
calls  to  mind  the  famous  French 
definition  of  the  crustacean). 

Crayon  (rolored).  aticigEn  (-f/Kn 
is  instrumental  sulHx ;  compure 
Otcipwc  adissiijiiii.  "  <lye-stutf ;  " 
Cree  atiai'juii.  "teindrc,"  and 
fitisiar.  "  il  est  teint "). 

Crayon  box.  niukukEsKiX  ("sec  Bar- 
rel). 

Creel:  si'bic  (derived  from  s'ibi  or 
s~/j)l.  "river;"  /(■  is  a  iliminutive 
sulH.'i  witli  somewhat  of  a  deteri- 
orative force). 

Crow,  ondck  (etymoloi;y  ?). 

Currants  (black  iribJ).  uinikominuk 
("  beaver's  berries  ; ''  from  amik. 
"beaver,"'  and  min.  ■  berry;" 
■uk  is  plural  sufiix.  The  currunl- 
are  so  called  from  the  fact  thai 
the  beavers  like  the  berries). 


D. 


Dance,  ninii  (■ho  dances;"  from 
the  radical  nim.  wliich  expresses 
the  idea  in  "  to  dunce  "). 

Dance  (fire  ).  wri'bKuuiig  ('?). 

Danghtir.  nintfi'n  (' my  daughter;" 
from  nint  =  niii.  "my,"  and  the 
radical  nn.  "  ilaugiiter."  In  Xi- 
pissing  the  diminutive  -anis  is 
'-•jiAetimes  used  instead  of  ««.  In 
Otcipwc,  according  to  Baraga, 
the  primitive  -ini  occurs  only  in 
the  third  person  odanan.  'his 
grown-up  daughter."  the  word 
used  with  the  first  person  being 


nhidaniss.  The  Alississaga  of 
Skugog  lias  the  older  form). 

Daiiijhter-  in-lair.  nissiiu  ("my 
daughter-in-law;"  ni.  "my," 
and  radical  shn.  "daughter-in- 
law"). 

Day.  gi'Jik  (properly  the  time  dur- 
ing which  the  sun  is  above  the 
horizon      Etymology?). 

Day.  gi'cigEt  ("it  is  day;"  -Ei  is 
verbal  sulllx). 

Deaf,  kfi'kitii'ci  ("the  ears  are  stop- 
pi.'d  ;"  kii-,  verbal  prefix  ;  klb.  radi- 
cal signifying  "  shut,  closed,"  and 
CI  radical  sulHx  Ttr  "  ear  "). 

Death,  nilxi'vvin  (formed  from  the 
radical  n'lbu',  "to  die,"  with  the 
sufiix  -win,  "state,  C(»ndition," 
used  to  form  abstract  nouns  from 
neuter  verbs). 

Deer,     wfi'vvacga'ci ;      wuwasgwez 

(etymology.')- 

Drer  falloir.  maskEwadji  pi'initS 
("frozen  grease:"  from  7//(/»/;e- 
icdiljv:.  "  it  is  frozen,"  imdpi'nnte, 
"grease;"  inaikEiraljK  is  from 
the  radical  nnhkv..  "  si  ill",  firm  "), 

Deltii/e.  kiinockaoiik  (with  tliis  ex- 
j)ression  the  word  a'ki  is  gener- 
ally understood,  the  meaning 
being  "  the  water  has  risen  above, 
or  covers  the  earth  ;  "  /.«-  is  a 
verbal  affix,  properly  relating  to 
the  "past,"  and  the  radical  is 
mockan.  "the  water  keeps  ris- 
in;:;"  from  the  more  primilive 
vii'>i-k\s..  "to  rise  ;"  -'^/(/.;  is  local 
sufiix). 

Devil,  matci  manitu  ("bad  super- 
natural being  :  "  watci.  "  bad  "). 

Di  cil.  madji  niKnidu  (a  variation 
of  pronunciation  of  the  previous 
word). 

Dies.  nipo'. 

"Dijiptr"  {the),  otcig  ;  o'teig  ("the 
fisher  or  [n'kan  "). 


i 


31 


DUh  (for  tcinnowing).  iiockatcigEn 
(-(jRii  is  instrumentiil  suffix  :  the 
radipiil  is  iiurk']-:,  "to  winnow, 
to  sieve  "). 

Dive  (v.).  kilvEok  ('•ho  divcil;'' 
/i7.  is  verbal  tense  prefix  ;  llie 
radical  is  kEo'ki.  "to  dive  "). 

Diver  {sperirs  of  icati'r  fowl),  clngi- 
bis  (etymolosiv  ?). 

Dog,  animfi'c  (a  diminutive  of  the 
radical  nnim  now  olisolete  in 
Jlississaii!),  but  still  -subsisting  in 
Nipissing  as  a  term  of  reproach, 
and  also  found  in  some  of  the 
eastern  Alii'onkian  dialects.  The 
Cree  retains  the  word  in  the  form 
atiiii). 

Door.  ickw6ndEm  (this  seem-;  to  bo 
a  derivative  from  the  root  icl.- 
wnnd,  which  si  ill  survives,  beside 
ickwandem.  in  Xipissing,  with  the 
sense  of  "door ''). 

Drink  (v.).  minikwi;. 

Drum,  tawe'gi-.n  (etymoloLry "/). 

Drum,  mitikwfi'kik  ("wooden 
kettle;"  from  mitik-.  ''wood." 
and  I'l'kik.  "kettle."  Compare 
Cree  inistikwuskik). 

Duck,  cicip  (in  some  Al,i;'onkian 
dialects  this  word  scorns  to  mean 
"waterfowl"  in  iienenil.  It  is 
probably  of  onomatopoMC  ori- 
gin). 

Duck  {hliii'k).  ani'nicip  (derived 
from  arn'iil  or  in'i'ni.  and  arlp. 
"duck."  Cuo(]  derives  the  cor- 
responding Nipissing  iniiiicih 
from  //(///,  "  vrai,  par  excellence.  ' 
and  flclh.  "duck."  The  word 
signifies,  therefore.  "  tin  duck  "). 

Dumb,  kfiwin  ki'gitossi  ( "  lu;  is 
dumb,"  literally  "he  does  not 
speak  ;  "  from  kmni,.  "  not,"  the 
radical /iv'^/Vo,  "tospcak."  and  ■*/. 
negative  suffix). 

Dyiiiij,  nibo'  ('  •  he  is  dying  "). 


E. 


EiKjle.  nilgi'/i  ;  migi'ssl  (this  word 
seems  to  terminate  in  the  suffix 
-si --"bird."  The  signification 
may  be  "the  fighting  bird." 
Compare  Otcipwe  idii  migi'is,  "I 
fight"). 

Kcgle  {}>ald-heiid(il).  anii'gigikwani 
(etymology '.'). 

Har,  niifi'wEk  ("my  ear;"  in-=^ 
"my;"  the  radical  is  t/Vtrvik, 
'ear."  jjerhaps  connected  with 
Nijiissing  laicE,  "  it  is  ()i)en  "). 

Karofciirn  (an).  \  a'djikwa'tik  uiKn- 
dii'min  (literally  "one  ear,  or 
spike  of  corn  ;  "  from  pi'i'djik  ~ 
jie'cik.  "one,"  and  irii'tik,  radical 
suffix  signifying  "plant,  stick," 
and  mvMdii'miii.  "corn"). 

Early.  gi'gici:p  ("early  in  the 
morning  ;  "  the  word  contains  the 
radical  rv.p       "this  morning"). 

Earring.  na'bicilbicEn  (a  derivative 
from  the  radical  nil'hi,  "hanging, 
suspended."  and  the  radical  suf- 
fix •'■(.  "ear,"  with  a  suffix.  The 
Xipissing  has  a  simpler  form,  na- 
hicion;  the  Ottii)wc  is  nabishcbi- 
■«"//). 

Earth  (.terra  et  solus),  akc  :  aki. 

Eaf  (r.).  mi'iljin. 

EclipSi'  (of  smt  iir  moon),  niljo'ki'zis 
(  "  the  star  is  dead  "). 

Eclipsi .  ago'citEgwi'wK  (etymol- 
ogy".' P>ut  the  radical  is  i)robably 
agicoc  "cover".  Compare 
Otcipwe  agawdfes/ikaica.  "I  cover 
him  with  my  shadow  "). 

Eel,  i)imi'si  (possibly  so  named  from 
the  "oil"  extracted  from  this 
fi^h  :  anuinwv'pt'mHe,  "grease"). 

Egg.  wfi'wE  (a  rapprochement  be- 
tween Cree  tci'iici.  "egg,"  and 
icairiy.  ■■  round  "  =  Xipissing  ini- 
iriii ,  seems  possible). 


32 


■ 


Kfjg,  wa'wKn  (this  won!  is  properly     /•. 
tlie  plural  of  ii  root  /rmr.     In  Mis-     !• 
sissaga   both    tliis   and   i\\v.   form 
wil'tcE.  resembling  C'ree  iru/ri,  are 
in   use.     The   Xipissing  has    tlie 
form  inar.     In  Otcipvve  only  the 
Itluntl  form,  wdn;//).  is  in  use,  but     h 
in  the  singular  sense).  A 

-''-'i'.V*>    wil'wEnKn    (this   is    an    ex-     /• 
tended  plural  to  the  word  Wii'irEii, 
itself  a  plural.     Tiie  Otcipwc  has 
Wdwaiion.     Tliis  recalls  such  plu- 
rals as  '•  cherubims  "  in  English). 

EiiiishiU.  I'lkKnawK  (ibis  \s'oril  seems 
to   i)e   composed    of   iihv.ii.     -its 
bone. "  and  ^rwWrK.  ••egg."    ('.>il- 
pare  the  Cree   iriiwioskan,  "egg-     /• 
shell"). 

Egij  {icltite  of).  wa'pawEn  (from 
the  radical  icup  or  mdi.  ••white." 
imd  icii'irF.ii.  "egg"). 

f'-gff  (A">M-  of).  miskwa'wEn  (from 
the  radical  iitis/.-ir-,  "red,"  and 
Wi'l'irv.K.  •'egg  "). 

I'^iKJ  !l"ll--  oujiskEswa'    (this    word 
was  iicard  only  once  ;  it  is  another 
derivative  from   tlic    same    root, 
the  '/-  being  pronominal). 

Eight,  iewaswi  ;  cwaswi  (there  ap- 
pears in  Otcipwc  another  form, 
/lix/iinisKiri,  which  lielps  to  e.\-  /■. 
plain  llii>  word.  The  first  com- 
ponent appear>  to  be  niswl. 
"three,"  which,  in  lomposition. 
can  assume  the  forms,  /liso  or 
nisw  ;  the  >uHi\  is  -(i.tir/.  Accord- 
ing to  C'uoq  this  last,  wiiich  prop  A 
erly  signifies  "number"  in  tiie 
general  sense,  has  in  the  com- 
pound numerals  the  meaning 
"live,"  the  number  par  excel- 
lence.   "  Eight  "  would  be  3  -f  ."o. 

Eighty,  \c\v\ii\  mita'uE  ;  cwa'si  i\ii- 
tfi'nE  ("  eigiit  tens;"  mitit'nv.  - 
French  "dizainc"). 

Elk,  atik  (etymology'.'). 


7/,-,  mice'wE  (etymology'.'). 

'lk'n  hiiU,  acka'tayo  (from  the  rad- 
ical ni'k,  "green,  raw,  not  dry," 
and  the  radical  sullix  -n'tdi/o, 
which  pro|)erly  signifies  "the 
raw  hide  of  any  animal"). 

'li/i,  Knib  (etymology'.'). 

.7///  Ijiirk.  WEsangil  (etymology?). 

.'ml  {'f  (iirth),  A'ki  kii'kog  ("tlie 
earth  the  end;"  from  itLi.  ••  earth," 
and  ki''koij.  ■  ■  end. "  Eirkog  seems 
a  syncopated  form  corrcsiionding 
to  the  Otcipwc  giinlikicn.  'I'he  end 
of  the  earth  in  IJaraga's  Olcipwe 
is  gi-ishkintdkiirtin.  See  After- 
noon ). 

.'/I glifih infill.  caj;En6c  (Cuoti  consid- 
ersthat  all  the  Algonkian cognates 
of  this  word  are.  like  the  Xipis- 
sing  (iijducrn.  corruptioiis  of  the 
French  anglais.  In  support  of 
his  contention  he  cites  the  fact 
that  the  Nijjissings  formerly  said 
(ingiihra  instead  of  the  present 
itgiinecii.  ]Mrs.  IJoliii  thouiiht  that 
the  ^Mississaga  woi-d  meant  •'sail 
around  the  world."  The  corre- 
sponding terms  in  Otcipwe  and 
Crec  are  jiignnash  and  (ikai/as- 
siir). 

'iiougJi.  lui-iu  luinik  (this  appears 
to  be  tautological.  In  Otcipwe, 
•enough"  is  mi  iir  or  mi  minik. 
Mi  seems  to  be  an  assertive  |>arti- 
clc.  and  minik  an  adverb  --r 
•■  enough  "). 

'ceiling,  onagiici  ;  onagi'ic  (etymol- 
ogy'? C'uoq  endeavors  to  con- 
nect the  .Nipissing  onngor  with 
(tiifingoc.  •star;"  ••evening" 
being  the  time  when  the 
••stars"  begin  to  come  out. 
This  is.  however,  a  little  far- 
fetched. The  W()r(l  is  proltably 
conneited  with  -onago.  a  sutli.x  of 
past  time.  Compare  Cree  otAkusin, 


■ 


m 


33 


"it  is  evoiiiiig,"  from  olid;  •en 

urri(''re  "). 
J\i/e,  nickinJiUriii  (••  my  oyes  ;  "   n't- 

is  poss(;ssiv{'  prefix iind  -un  pliinil 

sullix.  the  nulical   l)eing  fkinjik, 

"eye"). 
KycH  {my),   nicke'sikfiii    (tills  forii. 

of  tlie  word  was  liciiril  once). 


/'"(r,  oliinggwl  (■■  liis  t'uce  ;  "  "-is 
proiioiniiial.  tlie  riHliciil  is  Inixj- 
!/ic)). 

Fall  {nuiiiinn).  tagwfi'ui.  (I'crluips 
from  radical  taku,  "cool.") 

Fall  (ai/tmnn).  trigwa'dji  (this  was 
once  heard  from  an  Indian). 

"Faeries,"  midcwi'dji  (derived  from 
Viltlewi,  "to  lie  a  mciiicine  man," 
and  the  sutlix  •((;'/.  AVi  '  the  In- 
dian mearU  by  -faeries"  is  not 
exactly  clear). 

Far  off,  wa'tiSK  :  gwEnagwa  (ety- 
mology?). 

Farm,  gl'lIgKn  (••field,  planted"). 

Farmer,  giiigE-wini'ni  (from  (/I'/lgE, 
"he  plants,"  and  iuVin,  •'man  ;" 
-w-  is  an  auxiliar}'  connective  let- 
ter). 

Fat,  wi'niniV  ('he  is  fat;"  from 
the  radical  icViiin.  "fat,  grease," 
which  may  be  connected  with 
the  primiiivf!  root  irln.  '•mar- 
row ;"  the   ii  is  verbal  sutlix). 

Father,  nos  (■•my  father;"  i, ■  is 
prefix  of  first  person,  the  radical 
being  o.-<,  tlie  literal  pignilicaiion 
of  which  is  not  apiiarenl). 

Father,  tele  (ibis  is  a  child's  word). 

Father,  no'sinan  (••our  father," 
used  by  children  of  tlie  same 
parent  ;  ilie  radical  is  os,  the  rest, 
prefix  and  sulli  v,  s  i  g  n  i  f  y  i  n  g 
"our"). 

Father{Our).M[U\  manitu(the  Lord's 


Prayer  beuiiis,  AV'-'i  mauiti'i  irpe- 
mink,  literally,  -(rreat  siipernaf- 
nral  being  up  above  "). 

Fiit/ii  r-in-liiir.  iiissinis  (•  my  fatlier- 
in-law;"  lu-  is  pronominal,  the 
radical  being  Kt/iis). 

Father.  nui;\vi;n  (etynology '.'). 

Fenre,  mi'djikKn  ;  nu  Icikioii  (-/,  em 
seems  to  be  -ulllv.  Cuoij  inclines 
to  derive  the  Nipi.ssing  mitrlkau 
from  iiiltrl.  wliicli  translates  the 
amine  in  suih  I'vpressions  as  "a 
mhne  la  tcrrc."  because  the  pieces 
of  wood  which  comjiose  the 
"fence"  are  pbuitces  horizon- 
talement  a  meme  la  terre. "  This 
is  very  doubtful). 

P'idd,  gi'tigKii  (-it  is  planted;" 
from/////  ijVlnjK,  •Ipl.int.  jiul  in 
the  ground  ;"  -(jKn.  sullix). 

Fiftll,  nri'momiifi'iiE  (  ■  live  tens;" 
from  hii' HKii.  •five,  "and  mlta'iiK). 

File,  sisihoJJigion  (•that  with 
which  one  sli;irpens  ;  "  the  radi- 
cal is  Hi>.thiidj.  which  expiesses  the 
idea  "to  sharpen;''  (jv.n  is  in- 
strumental suHix), 

Flue  (adj.).  inuifi  ;  mind. 

Fine  day.  iniiifi  gi'cinKt  (••it  is  a 
fine  day  ;  the  weather  is  tine"). 

Fire,  iskitu'k  (this  word  dillers 
somewhat  from  the  N'ii>issing 
irkote  and  the  ()tci|)wc  ishkote, 
but  is  evidently  from  the  same 
railical ). 

Fire  daiiiu  .  wa'bunk  {'!). 

Fire,  iiin  po'iowr  (••!  build  a 
fire"). 

Fireflies,  wfi'watMsiwKg  (•"■i^,'/  is 
plural  sullix.  C'uoq  would  derive 
the  K\\m?,'m)z  wawntasi,  •tirelly," 
from  the  verb  wairate,  ■  il  fait  des 
eclairs,"  wliicli  leads  back  to  the 
more  primitive  root  /rate,  •'a  flash 
of  light  in  the  darkness."  The 
■si  in  this  word  is  a  radical  suffix 


84 


signifyini:  "  bird,  or  flying  irea- 
ture."  So  the  lilenil  meaiiinir  of 
ini'irdtusl'  would  seem  to  he  "it- 
inakes-fliishes  tlyiiig  creivture  "'). 

Firtphtre,  ii6'iCwadjiki:a  (derived 
tliroii^ii  the  verb  potoicutlj,  from 
the  rixdit  :il  verl)  (niii)  iio'loirr,  "  I 
in!»i<e  a  fire  ;  -^E//  is  sufllx  of 
instrumentality.  The  Nipissinii 
and  Oicipwi'  have  the  simpler 
{orm^  potd /rail  and  bodawi'ia). 

Fir  tree,  cinao'b  (etymolojiy?). 

Fireirooi!.  mi'ci 

Fisher  {Murfes  Caniidcuu's),  odjiii' ; 
otciiT ;  otcig  (in  Canadian  Frencli 

Fish  hoo/:,  raigiskKn  (this  word  is 
probably  from  a  radical  ml'gis, 
the  signification  of  which  is  un- 
certain ;  -/.Eft  is  instrumental 
suftix). 

Fishiit;/  line,  otadjiko'kEn  (properly 
a  "trolling  line  ;  "  derived  from 
the  verb  nin  iitadjiht'kK,  •{  fish 
with  a  trolling-line,"  which  from 
the  roots  seen  in  Otcipwc  adjig- 
leadaii.  "I  catch  it  with  a  hook;" 
Nipissing  koke,  "pccher  u  la 
ligne  "). 

FinhiiKj  net.  Esi';b  (La(;oml)e  derives 
the  cognate  Cree  (Hjnpiy  from 
uyak.  ••quantitc,  succession, 
grand  nombrc,  succession  d'ob- 
jets";. 

Fiihiiig  rod.  wri'wabEni':bEnak  (de- 
rived from  the  verb?c<''(n<6E/»E'6E, 
"to  fish."  and  the  radical  siifiix 
(U-,  "something  of  wood,  a 
stick  "). 

Fish  spcitr.  onit. 

Fice,  na'nEU  (etymology?). 

Flesh,  wi' iyas  ("his  flesh;"  tel- 
ls a  rarely  used  pronominal  pre- 
fix of  the  third  person  ;  the  radi- 
cal is  i-yds). 

Flour,   na'panu'  (this   word  is  the 


form  which  the  French  la  f urine 
has  assumcil  in  .Mississaga.  The 
Xipissini:-  has  iKipmiin.  which, 
however,  is  used  only  in  the 
plural  form  napdnindk.  C'luui 
says  that  in  the  old  manuscripts 
of  the  missionaries  tlie  (orm  li 
fari/uik.  which  clinches  the  ety- 
mology, is  found). 

Fly  (house),  o'dji. 

F<i,,t,  ni/.e'tF.  ("my  foot;"  the 
radical  is  j/7). 

Forty.  ni'miiu'iiK  ("four  tens;" 
from  ii't'irin,  "four,"  which  in 
composition  sometiii\es  assumes 
the  form  /u,  and  mitn'iiE,  "ten, 
dizaine  ";. 

Fo"):  ni'win  (etymology?). 

For  bird,  fi'mck  ;  aiiKk. 

Fw.  wagu'c:  wfigwfi'c  (etymol- 
ogy? i'ossibly  a  diminiilivo 
from  a  root  icag,  by  the  suffix  -ue). 

Frerti'lunitit.  wamitigu'ci  (Mie  ety- 
mology of  this  word  is  uncertain. 
]Mrs.  Holin  thought  that  it  meant 
"  he  carries  a  trunk  or  box,"  and 
stated  that  it  was  evidently  given 
to  tlie  early  French  traders.  This 
derivation  wouUl  make  the  radi 
cal  of  the  word  the  same  as 
the  Xipissing  mHikowae,  "box, 
trunk."  composed  of  mitik. 
"wood,"  and  uac,  "hollow." 
Another  etymology  makes  the 
word  signify  "boat  builders." 
The  Cree  is  wemistikojiw ;  the 
prefix  \r(i-  =  "he  who"). 

Friend,  niia  ("u^y  friend;"  the 
radical  is  td,  "  friend,  brother  in- 
law"). 

Frog.  omukEki  (etymologj  ^  Pos- 
sibly the  word  is  the  same  as  the 
Xarragansett  omnckakee,  "it  is 
bare,  or  hairless."  Cuoij  consid- 
ers the  X'ipissingoffj«A.'a/a  to  be  of 
onomatopu'ic  ( rigin). 


35 


Frying  /mn,  ^asEku'kwEii  (etymol- 
ogy'.' Tlic  conx'spondiiig  verb  is 
)uii  sihEko'kicr.,  "I  fry."  Tlie 
Otc'ipwc  word  is  sitssdknhiFi'idji- 
'jaii,  Nipissiiig  sdselokwiiii.  C'ree 
»("i8(Hkikkitaii.  These  words  seem 
to  contiiin  the  nulinil  st^iv..  wiiicli 
pr()l)al)ly  deiiote.s  tlie  noise  made 
in  frying.  C'iiO(i  gives  us  the  rad- 
ieiil  of  tlie  Nipissing  tiasikaii. 
"what  is  left  of  lard  after  melting. " 
sasi.  which  he  considers  onoma- 
topo'ic.  Compare  also  the  Cree 
Siisi/iiiiieir.  ••  he  reduces  to  grease 
l>y  boiling   ';. 

Full,  moekinE  ("it  is  tilled  "). 


G. 

Gai(\  nasakwKnigEn  (probably 
"that  which  is  opened,"  or  ••that 
by  which  one  enters."  Compare 
Otcipwc,  inismkoiKtii.  "  I  open  it ;" 
■gEii  is  instrumental  sullix.  For 
••gate"  Wilson  gives  inhq'iihuc 
(lam.  i.  ('.,  ■•  door  "). 

Gather,  nin  mfiwKndjiE  (•■!  gather 
together;"    the    radical    is    ?«a- 

WK/id). 

Ohost.  n'tcitcog  (•'his  soul  or 
spirit ;  "  the  radical  is  tc'Ucorj. 
The  corresponding  words  in  Ol- 
cipwe  and  Xipissing  are  otchitih- 
I'lgwaii  andofriti'agoran.  The  rad- 
ical of  the  latter,  (rltragoc.  is.  as 
Cuo(i  hints,  a  diminutive  of  icit- 
c(ig,  a  radical  formerly  in  use  and 
corresponding  to  the  Mississaga. 
In  Cree  the  word  for  ••soul. 
spirit,"  is  atrhak,  evidently  from 
a  like  primitive  root,  the  more 
remote  signitication  of  which  is 
uncertain). 

Giant  {mythkalraniiihal),  windigu  ; 
wendigo. 


(iirl,  ekua'sis  (diminutive  otekirtl, 
"  woman  "). 

Girl,  ekwii'sens  (diminutive  of  f^*(f<>, 
"  woman  "). 

Oirl,  ekwc'sens  (diminutive  ofckir?, 
'■  woman  "). 

(Tiiese  three  words  are  all  deriva- 
tives from  the  same  radical,  e/.iea 
or  ekiri,  by  the  diminutive  sutlixes 
■sin,  -nenii). 

Give  (J"),  mic  ;  mic. 

Glad,  nin  bajjina'ndEm  (••!  am 
glad."  The  word  is  derived  from 
the  radical  bap.  "to  laULih."  and 
the  verb  seen  in  Otcipwe,  nindi. 
nandam,  '•!  think;"  so  that  it 
literally  siu'nities  '•!  laULih  think- 

Glote.  mindjika'wEn  (etymology? 
Perhaps  the  first  component  is 
inindji.    •tied,  bound"). 

Go.  nu'i'djE  ("he  goes  away  "). 

God.  kiici  manitu  ("great  super- 
natural being"). 

God.  kiice  manilfi. 

God.  kitci  niEnidu. 

God.  gicemiuanitu  (the  last  throe 
are  variants  in  pronunciation  of 
the  first). 

G(hI  (see  Saviour). 

Gold.  usaco'niK  (•■yellow  money  ;  " 
derived  from  osa'wE,  "  it  is  yel- 
low," and  f'/'/iii:,  "money,  sil- 
ver"). 

Good,  onicicin  ("it  is  good;"  the 
radical  is  nic  ;  o-  is  pronominal 
prolix,  and  -in  is  verbal  sutlix). 

Good,  ("micece  (••  he  isgood."  See  the 
previous  word). 

GooHC,  obicke'si  (this  corresponds  to 
the  uhpishekesi  wmca  of  Wilson. 
Baraga  has  obiJusMessi,  •'a  kind 
of  gray  wild  goose  "). 

Goose  (irild).  nika'  (etymology?) 

Gooseberry,  cabn'min  ("the piercing 
fruit."  so  called  from  its  spines. 


u& 


u 


36 


The  radicals  are  c<ib<~).  'piercing 
through,''  ami  inin.  ••  fruit  berry." 
Tiie  German  Stachdhecre  olVers  it- 
self for  comparison.  One  of  f  e 
Indians  at  Sliugng  said  that  the 
word  meant  '•look-through  fruit," 
probably  n  "  folk  etymology  "). 

Ovdiulfiithir,  ni'missu'mis  ("my 
grandfather:"  the  radical  \s  mis- 
so'inis  ;  the  Cree  has  niin'isom  ; 
-is  \i  sullix). 

G ra II ihnothir. no]\n' m\?,{' 'iwy  grand- 
mother ;  "  the  radical  h  o/.i/'inis. 
which  seems  related  to  init^no' mh, 
"grandfather."     Cree   n'okkum). 

Ornpe,  cawe'min  ("the  sweet 
fruit."  Tliis  is  the  etymology  of 
Cuoq,  who  derive-  the  Nipissing 
cowuhi/i  from  the  radicals  co. 
which  expresses  the  idea  of  sweet- 
ness, and  min.  "fruit."  The  Ot- 
cipwc  w'ovd  join  ill,  "grape,"  con- 
f  nis  this  etymology). 

Grus.t,  mancKck  (jiroperly  "hay  ;" 
from  a  radical  nniiic.  and  the  suf- 
tix  radical  -Krk.  "plant,   herb"). 

Grac)/  (jiork),  kOku'cmilu'  ("pig- 
grease;"  from  kiildi'c,  "pig." 
ami  plmiti .  "  grease  "). 

Grease,  pi'mile'  (properly,  "it  is 
greasy  ;"  the  Cree  preserves  the 
radical  jiimii/,  "  graissc,  huile, 
suif"j. 

Great,  git<i;  kiici  ;  kiue  :  gitce. 

Great,  mi'tce  ;  mi'lci. 

Great  -  ijrandfiit/ier.  ningitcini'mis- 
su'mis  (literally  "my  great  my 
grandfather;"  nin,  "  my."  (jlfa, 
"great,"  and  in'inisso'inis.  "my 
grandfather."  An  exactly  simi- 
lar word  e.xists  in  Nipissiug. 
Since  in  (^Icipwc  we  find  an  en- 
tirely dillerent  word,  nindanike- 
niinishomis,  also  in  Nipissiug, 
iiindaiiikeiiiiiiiromis,  formed  by 
the  use  of  tlie  radical  aniki'.  whirh 


expresses  the  idea  of  "succession, 
serie.'*."  one  is  almost  templed  to 
suspect  French  or  Engli>h  influ- 
ence in  the  case  of  the  ^Mississaga 
word  and  its  N'ipissing  corre- 
spondent. Tlie  same  remarks 
apply  to  the  word  for  "great 
grandmother"). 

Great  ijrniHimother,  ningilci  iioko'- 
mis  ("my  great  my  grand- 
mother;" nil),  f/itei,  imki'i'mis.  See 
the  ])rcvious  word). 

Gr((:a,  miskwa  (properly,  "it  is 
red"). 

Gi'll,  glyock  (etymology".')- 

Gull  (jioiinij),  gayockons  {-ims  is  a 
duwiiiutive  sullix). 

Gnu,  iiacki'sikKn  (fnMn  the  radical 
^)rR7,-, "  to  burst,  explode, "  through 
the  verb  parkhii.  "  to  shoot,"  and 
the  insti'umental  sullix  -/.■eh  ;  the 
word  seems  to  signify  "the  burst- 
ing or  explodinglhing  witli  whicii 
one  slioots  "). 


ir. 


Ilnir,  nimiiiisis  ("my  hair;"  the 
radical  is  minisis). 

Ihnnmer,  picKiligEn  ("  tliat  with 
wlucli  one  strikes  ;"  from  the  rad- 
ical/'K/vH-:.  "to  strike,"  with  the 
instrument  il  sullix  -,'/K")- 

UaiiiJ,  nniiiidji  ;  nine'ndji  ("my 
hand  ;  "  the  radical  is  idmlj  or 
neiidj). 

Hand  (left),  ninnKuiKudjiMindj 
( "  my  left  hand ;"  the  chief  compo- 
nent is  nv.iNKi'dj'/iiiiiilj,  composed 
of  the  radicals  nv.iHV.mlj,  "lefi," 
and  iiinilj,  "hand;"  -l  is  verbal 
sullix). 

Hand  (rir/Jit),  nin-itciniiidj  ("my 
right  liand  ;"  literally,  "my  great 
or  excellent  hand;'"  from  uiii, 
ijitr},  iiiiidj). 


37 


Entidker chief,  nincwr-  (a  loan-word 
fi'oin  Frencli  ;  :=moii choir,  \s\\\c\\ 
in  Canada  is  pronounced  mnr- 
ve'-r). 

Ilandkerrhief  {for  neck),  nfi'lukEg 
(derived  from  the  nulical  nu'h'i, 
"to  lijuig  from,"  through  the 
verb  iifi'bikKii,  "I  wear  on  tlie 
neck  "). 

Jlandkerchief  (sill),  sKnipE  luibikKg 
(see  Udiidkerchief  and  Riblxnt). 

Hard,  maskEwfi  ("it  is  hard  ;  " 
from  the  radical  wank^). 

Ildt,  wi\vakwi:n  (according  to  Ciio<i 
the  corresponding  wiicakwan  of 
the  Nipissing  is  an  abbreviation 
of  wiwakiccctikwKn,  a  term  foi'- 
nierly  in  use,  wliicli  is  comjiosed 
of  triwiikice,  "that  whicii  covers," 
and  ctikiran,  "  head  ;''  so  llie  word 
would  seem  to  mean  the  "coverer 
of  the  head."  The  word  may, 
however,  be  derived  directly  from 
iriinikire). 

Bat,  wiwalvwe  (tliis  form  is  also  in 
use  anioiig  tlie  Mississagas). 

Hatchet,  tcikamigEn  {-(j^u  is  instru- 
mental sufHx.  This  word  isdoubt- 
less  cognate  with  tlie  Xipissing 
icikikaigaii,  "liaclie  pour  cMpiar- 
rir,"and  Crmi  tchiktihigun,  "axe." 
The  root  of  the  word  is  seen  in 
the  Cree  fchikuhiccw,  "lie  chops"). 

He,  wi'nilKin  ("  he  now,"  "  it  is  his 
lurn  ;"  from  the  demonstiativc 
w't-  and  the  sullix  -it'itRin,  wliicli 
nppcars  to  be  the  same  as  the  Ni- 
pissing  radical  idtam,  "premier"). 

Jlciid,  nictigwEn  ("my  liead  ;"  tlie 
radical  is  ctigirEn). 

JIftirt,  nle'  ("  my  heart  ;  "  tlie  radi- 
cal is  fc). 

Henteii,  icpeming  ("in  the  on- 
liigli  ;"  -li'<j  is  locative  snfVi.v.'and 
tlic  radical  is  irjum.  "on  high, 
up,"  which  comes  from  lhi>  iiiDrc 


primitive /'■;<,  ■  high,  up."  Baraga 
gives  ishpemiiKj  =  "  upstairs  "). 

Ihel,  utondEn  ("his heel  ;"  the  rad- 
ical is  toiidv.h). 

Hell,  auaniKkamik  (literally  "the 
house  below;"  from  the  radical 
/'/"/wiE,  "down,  below."  and  the 
radical  sutli.v  -ki'imik,   "house"). 

''Hell-diver,"  cingibis  (etymology? 
The  Cree  sikkiji,  "poule  d'eau," 
show,  -/s  to  be  suffix). 

Hemlock,  kakamic  (this,  like  the 
dtcipwe  k'igagiicaiij,  Nipissing 
kiikiikiiciiij,  is  tiie  "  raven's  tree  ;" 
the  components  arc  kokakl,  "ra- 
ven," and  -mic,  "tree,  shrub"). 

Hcii,  pEkakwEn  (etymology.' Cuoq 
regards  as  somewhat  far-fetched 
the  suggested  derivation  of  the 
Nipissing  jiitkniikiraii  ivom  j^akak, 
"clair,  eclatant,"  and  -(>?ce  or  -we, 
a  sullix  signifying  "noise,  voice." 
The  word  is  used  both  for  "cock  " 
and  "  hen,"  as  is  the  case  in  Ni- 
pissing and  Otcipwc.  The  (^ree 
word  is  jKikkiihiikktri'i II.  the  ety- 
mology of  which  i.s  uncertain). 

Here,  niande. 

Hero/',  mi'ickEo's;  (et^'^mologv ?  The 
word  seems  to  contain  the  radical 
sullix  -,s7,  "bird."  The  cognate 
words  in  \ii)issing,  Otcipwc  and 
Cree  arc  vmrkdOHi,  moshkodnni  and 
mokdniir  or  iiinkknhafiiir  ;  ])erhaps 
the  root  of  the  word  is  seen  in 
the  Nipissing  morkti.  "to  emerge, 
to  rise  "). 

Herring,  okc'wi.s  ;  rdifi'wis  (the  rad- 
ical is  pos-^ii)ly  in  the  Nipissing 
oko,  "en  liande,  en  las"). 

lillU  pikwa'ilinE  ("it  is  hilly  or 
mountainous;"  from  the  I'udical 
jiikd  or  I'ikir-.  which  expresses  the 
idea  of  an  "elevation,  a  liump," 
and  the  sullix  radical  I'l'din, 
'■  mountain,  hill  "). 


38 


Hive  (see  Beehive). 

Hog,  koku'c  (Cuoq  considers  that 
tl)c  Xipissing  kokoc  and  its  Algon- 
kian  cognates  have  been  derived 
from  the  Frcncli,  "according  to 
Algonkian  analoLiy."  Other 
writers,  rejecting  tlie  etymology 
from  French  (•<"7<o//,  assign  to  this 
word  an  onomatopo'ic  origin). 

Jlonen,  fnno  sisiliakwEt  ("  bee- 
sugar"). 

Hook  (see  Fish-hooh). 

Uorn  (roriiH),  e'ckr.n  (tlie  Cree 
forms,  oskaii,  "bone,"  and  cshin, 
"horn,"  render  it  probalile  tliat 
the  root  of  botli  is  -skv.n,  tlie  3Iis- 
sissaga  o'kv.n,  "bone,"  liaving 
lost  the  .V). 

Hornet,  umo  ("bee"). 

Horse,  papa'djilvogKci  ("it  has  one 
hoof;"  IVotn  pupfi'dfiko,  "to  be 
one,  or  undivided,"  and  the  radi- 
cal sutli.v  -gin,  "hoof,  claw." 
Tlie  radi<;al  of  the  first  component 
\s /Ki'djik,  "one  by  one  ;  "  pe'cik, 
"  one  ;  "  j>a  is  reduplicative). 

Hot.  gicfi'le  ("it  is  warm  weather;" 
from  the  radical  g~;c,  which  con- 
veys the  idea  of  "warmth,"  and 
the  verbal  sulli.K  <~''ti',   "it  is"). 

Jlot,  ki'tcigfi'mitc  ("it  is  hot,"  said 
of  water  and  liquids  ;  from  the 
radical  kite  =^  g/<\  "hot,"  and 
ug'i'iul,  "liquid;"  -^  is  verbal 
suffi\  =  (77r). 

House,  wi'klwa. 

House  (ill  tlie),  wl'kiwam  (at  Skfigog 
"house  "  is  (f/ 7. «"•(>, and  in' klicani 
means  "in  tlie  house."  Cuoti 
seeks  to  connect  the  Nipisslng 
icikiteum  with  irikicKS.  "l)irch 
bark,"  because  it  formerly  signi- 
fied "bark  house."  Tids  is  very 
doubtful,  as  the  tree  would  in  all 
probability  receive  its  name  from 
the  house  and  not  tiec-versit.     In 


Cree  we  find  a  simpler  form,  w'iki, 
"sa  demeure,"  and  kiki,  "  ta  de- 
meure,"  which  suggest  the  ulti- 
mate derivation  of  these  words 
from  ft  primitive  radical  /.v). 

H'/rkleherri/,  min  ;  min  (min  or  )inn 
is  a  widespread  Algonkian  term 
signifying  "fruit,  berry,  grain," 
etc.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
the  ultimate  signification  of  the 
word  is  "divided,  split  into 
parts,"  as  many  berries,  fruits 
and  grains  are.  When  specialized 
the  word  signifies  the  huckle- 
berry). 

H'nrDiiiug-hird,  n6iiokri'si  (the  ety- 
mology of  this  word  is  not  (piite 
certain.  Cu()((  inclines  to  derive 
the  corresponding  Xipissing  iiono- 
kase  from  nonokn  and  the  sufli.K 
-s'l,  "bird,"  the  meaning  being 
"the  bird  n»iioka."  This  latter 
word  he  takes  to  be  of  onomato- 
poeic origin, e.xiiressive  of  the  noise 
made  by  the  bird  when  flying. 
Another,  and  perhaps  a  better, 
etymology  is  that  which  derives 
the  name  of  this  little  bird  from 
the  radical  uoka,  "slight,  tender, 
feeble,"  which  by  reduplication 
becomes  iioiiokii,  and  the  suflix 
-si,  "bird."  The  name  would 
then  signify  "I'oiseau  mince"). 

Hundred,  ningo'twak  ('one  hun- 
dred;" composed  of  ningiit, 
"one,"  and  the  numeral  suflix 
-irak,  which  denotes  "hundred." 
y  in  gift  or  ningo  is  the  word  for 
"one,"  which  is  used  in  compo- 
sition, otherwise  pe'rik  is  em- 
ployed). 

Husband,  ninda'pe  ("  my  husband;" 
nind -- nin  =  III  is  pronominal 
prefi.N,  the  radic:il  being  ii'pi, 
"husband,  man;"  this  generic 
word  for  "  an  adult  male,"  which 


39 


in  some  dialects  lias  ilisappcared, 
is  well  preserved  in  Mississaga. 
It  is  probably  the  same  as  the 
radical  in  the  word  for  ••  boy  '). 


/,  niii  ;  Ilia  ;  uer;. 
Ti'e,  mikwKm  (etymology?). 
//',  imftKii  ("there  "). 
LnUiii,,   Kni'cinfi'bG  (literally  "the 
good  man,"  "the  man  par  excel- 
Uncc;"  from  K„Vri,i::=dnVcl,-ti,, 
"is  good,"  and  the  radical   n'be 
~''''pf,  "man  "). 
Ink,  odji'hlgKna'bC)   ("writing  liq- 
uid;"   -K'bo   is  radical    sullix     - 
"liquid;"    o'/Ji.'/jir/E/i   is  derived 
from   the   radical   verb  oil/t'biE/i, 
"  I  make  marks  on  something  ;  " 
UEn  is  instrumental  suffix). 
Li.iirt,  manitcVc  (this  appears  to  be 
a  derivative  from  n^anild,  "super- 
natural lieing,"  with  the  deterio- 
rative sulli.v  -,■.     The  literal  mean- 
ing seems  to  ])e  "petty  deity  "). 
n-oii,  piwa'bik  (Mrs.    Bolin  "stated 
that    this    word     signified     "the 
metal  that   rnimbles   off."     It  is 
composed  of  the  radical  pi  or  [litc, 
signifying  ".small,  in  i)ieces,"  and 
the  radical  iiwm.K.,'i'bil,-  or  -mVbi/,; 
"  nietal,  mineral."     Compare  the 
Otclpwc  >ii,i  biirina,  "I  crumble 
something"). 
Iron-wood    (in     Canadian    French, 
bois    (lur;    Corn 'is    GanKilensis), 


posed  of   77,i)m,    "island,"    and 
-o'ti/.;  or  perhaps  7nili/,;  "  tree"). 


J. 


Ji'l/,  dinde'si  (■s'/  is  suMix,  signifying 
"bird."  Cuoq  considers  the  Ni- 
pissiug  temlest  to  be  of  onomato- 
IMric  origin,  the  bird  being  named 
from  its  cry  "tenh."  The  word 
would  then  signify  literally  "the 
bird  dindc'  "). 


K. 


niiTne  ;  mfi'nen. 

Irofi'ioiK,  na'towc  (probably  "lie  is 
a  snake."  Xn'towv  is  the  name 
given  by  certain  Algonkian  tribes 
to  a  large  species  of  snake). 

Idaiid,  minis  (etymology'.'). 

hland  (ill  ,1  rker),  minitik  (this 
signifies  an  island  in  a  river,  witli 
trees  on  it.     It  is  probably  com- 


Kettlc,  ilkik  (probably  a  derivative 
of  </'/,7,    "earth,"   since    the  first 
"kettles  "  were  made  of  clay  by 
the  Indians). 
Ivttle  (of  fin),  a'kik. 

A'iU,  nia  nl'cE  ("I  kill   him;"  the 
radical  is  n't'c). 

Kiiifjflsher,  okickimEni'ssI  (etymol- 
ogy  somewhat  uncertain.  Cuoq 
derives  the  Xipissing  okirhiutti,,. 
issi  from  kir/i/iimnn,  "a  whet, 
stone,"  the  literal  meaning  being 
"the  bird  whose  voice  resembles 
the  noise  made  in  pas^ing  a  knife 
over  a  whetstone."  The  o-  is 
ju-onominal  and  -s)  suffix  — 
"bird  "). 

Knee,    ogi'dik    ("his   knee;"    the 
radical  is  f/t'di/:). 

Know,  nin  kikoiulEn  ("I  know  it"), 


L. 


Lake,  saga'IkEu  (this  word  seems 
properly  to  be  api)lied  to  small 
inland  lakes  or  river  expansions  ; 
it  is  perhaps  connected  with  Siuji, 
"the  mouth  of  a  river,"  or  the 
root  siikcuiin,  "to  go  out,"  seen 
in  Otcipwr). 

L<tke,  assaga'iKiin. 


40 


Lake,  trasrigfi'ikKn  (these  last  two 
words  are  variants,  cUie  probably 
to  iiullvidual  pronunciations  of 
snfjii'  ikv.ii). 
Lide  Simcoc,  Eciinlong;  ociiniong 
("the  place  of  the  calling  ;  "'  so 
named  from  a  legendary,  or  per- 
haps an  historical,  incident,  for 
which  see  below.  The  sutlix  -oiig 
is  locative). 
L<ike   Siini'oe,    gitcigfi'ming    ("the 

great  water"). 
Lake  Skugog,  ga^aga'ikEn  ("lake"). 
Luke  Huron       ] 

Lake  Ontario    I  aiiciga'ming  ("  the 
Lake  Erie  j      great  water "). 

Lak)  Superior  j 

Lamp,  wasKkwancndjikEn  (this 
word  probably  signities  "it  is 
used  for  a  light,"  or  "tiiat  from 
which  a  light  is  obtained  ;  "  the 
radical  is  seen  in  the  Otcipwt"'  nin 
waxsakwaneaii,  "I  light  it,"  the 
primitive  root  being  ican,  which 
contains  the  idea  "  to  shine,  bril 
liant  ;  "  the  -cljikE/'  is  instrumen- 
tal sufflx). 
Liiiiip  oil,    wasEkwam'ndjikEu   pi'- 

mite  ("  lamp  grease  "). 
La>apwirk,  wa-iEkwanendjikEn  sfi'- 
klteg(the  last  coiuponent  is  prob- 
ably cognate   with   the   Olcipwc 
aagntagnn,  "tinder"). 
Lanre,  onit. 
Land,  a'ki  ;  ake. 

Laiiilirig  {of  rano(ii),  kape'win  (a 
derivative  from  the  radical  kape, 
which  expresses  the  idea  "  to  get 
out  of  a  canoe  :  "  -icin  is  abstract 
sulUx). 
Last  autumn,   takwa'gong    {-ong  is 

sutlix-^  "last"). 
L^<ist  night,  de'bikong. 
La!<t  spring,  minokfi'ming. 
Last  summer,  ni'binong. 
Last  winter,  pipo'nong. 


Lute,   r>'sEm  kiwfi'nEgwi-'cI   ("you 
are    late  ;  "     oSKin,    "late,"    /I, 
"you,"  and  iw]a'nEgi-.<'i  "even- 
ing."    See  EiHiring). 
Laugh,  ]ni'[>\. 

Lead,  ockikwomEu  (Mrs.  Bolin 
stated  that  this  word  literally  sig- 
nified "it  can  be  cut  with  a 
knife."  Tlie  radicals  seem  to  be 
kik  or kiek,  "cut,"  and  mo'komvji, 
"knife  ;  "  o-  is  significant  of  the 
third  person). 
i^ead  prni'il,  ocigEn  (?). 
Leg,  okad;  oka't   ("his  leg;"  the 

radical  is  kad  or  kat). 
Legs,  okadEn  ("his  legs;"    -Eyt  is 

plural  suffix). 
Leggings,  milas  (the  radical  is  tas  ; 
the  exact  signification  of  the  vii- 
is  not  known). 
Light   ilnx),  wasakwo'ni   (literally 
"it  shines,  is  light ;  "  the  radical 
is  ir.'isa,  "bright,  shining;"    the 
radical     suffix    -k\ri,> n\     signifies 
"  flame,  blazinu'  "). 
Lightning,  wasamowin  ;  wasamo  ku 
(the    radical    is    irasn.    "shining, 
bright"). 
Lightning,  wasaniawEk  ("  there  are 
flashes   of   lightning;"    -m^k    is 
plural  suffix). 
Lilg  (wr'<e?--),okitri'buk  (etymology? 
Baraga  has  okitehagn-wassakimne, 
"a  kind  of  yellow  flower  growing 
in    tlie    water;"     iciissakirane, 
"flower"). 
TAttle  (a),  iiaiul.il. 

J'Og  (j)fwood),kw,\{M  (etymology?). 
Long  ago,  m6-invice  (etymology?). 
JjOoking-ghtxs,  w  a  bi  ino '  t  cit  cag  vv  En 
(>[rs.  Holin  explained  this  word 
as  meaning  "  where  spirits  are 
seen  ;"  the  word  is  derived  from 
tlie  radical  leati,  "to  see,"  and 
i>tr'itrdjwFJi,  "  Ills  ghost  or  spirit." 
AVlien  the  Indians  looked  into  a 


41 


mirror  for  ilie  first  time,  they 
tliouglit  they  saw  their  ghosts  or 
spirits.  Tlie  Cree  lias  iri'ilxtmnn, 
"  mirror  ;  "  wi'tham'iw,  "il  se 
voit  duns  uii  miroir, "  from  tlie 
radical  iciih). 

Loon,  maiik  (etymology  ?). 

Lynx,  picifi'  (etymology  ?). 


M. 

Marsh,  toto'gEii  (with  a  siiftrx  -ijkh 
from  the  radical  tuto,  "  trembling, 
infirm,  insecure  "). 

Mail  {homo),  ini'ni  (the  exact  ety- 
mology of  this  word  is  not 
known  ;  it  is  i)robalily  related  to 
the  radical  in'tn,  "true,  good." 
Lacombe  explains  the  Ci-ea  ii/iinw 
as  "le  principal  etre,  levraielre," 
from  root  iyin), 

Man  (vir)  (see  Unnband). 

Man  (i.  e.,  IikUu/i),  am'cini^'hii  (see 
III  dill  II). 

Man  Qjomir/),  6i'lvin(''gi  (from  the 
radicals  (/f/iY,  "new,  fresh,"  and 
/((3'(// r=  Nipissing  nik,  "to  be 
born;"    literally  "  iiew-boru  "). 

Mdiiitoulin  Txhind,  miiaitO  wfi'ning 
("  spirit  abode  "). 

Miiple  (hard),  ri'ninfi'tik  (probably 
"the  tree  par  exceUenfc,"  as  Cuotj 
states,  from  iiiin  or  imiu,  "true, 
excellent,"  and  the  sutHx  radical 
■i}(i/>;  "tree;"  a  derivation  from 
ainnl  or  inliii,  "man,"  has  also 
been  suggested,  the  idea  being 
that  the  sap  of  the  maple  resem- 
bles the  blood  of  man,  hence 
"  man-tree  "). 

Majde  (soft),    tcigima'mir    (vtic  ~— 

"tree."    Etymology?    Evidently 

cognate  willi    Leuapi'    srhierhi/d- 

iniiisi-hi). 

Maple  sup,  s-i-iba'kwEt-abo  ("sugar 


li(iuid  ;  "  -I'lfio  is  radical  suffix  =r: 
"liquid  "). 
Maple     seed,     anina'tik      minikEn 

("maple  seed  "). 
MiipU  sufjar,  aiiinfi'lik  sisibu'kwEt ; 
sisiba'kwEt    (this   word    signifies 
literally  "  sijueezed  stick  ;  "  from 
the     radical     sis,     "squeezed, 
pressed,"  and  the   suffix   radical 
•hi'ikirvA,  "  stick  "). 
Martin,  wfibicfi'ci  (etymology  ?  Pos- 
sibly connected  witli  the  root  wi'ih, 
"white."       The    Cree    wapistan 
contains  the  same  radical  as  first 
component  ;     the    corresponding 
Leuilpe  is  ironprfiwess). 
Ml  I  ski  no  II  r/e    (Ksox    estor),     miski 
uo'nce  (Cuoij  derives   the   Nipis 
sing  W(^c/7//o/(ye  from  mar,  "big," 
and ////y///e,  "pike;"  he  supports 
this  derivation  by  citing  the  fact 
that  in  one  dialect  the  word  has 
the  form  mirikinonji). 
Mat  {for  dryinrj  rire  upon),  op6dji- 
gEn    (etymology?     The   suffix    is 
■QKn  ;  the  remainder  of  tlie  word 
is  probably  the  same  as  Otcipwe 
apakodji'je,   ' '  I  cover  it. ' '     Corn- 
pa  re    also    Otcipwe    npakwei,    a 
"  lodge  mat  "). 
Meat  bird  {Lnnins  septentr.),  gwing- 

gwic  ;  kwingkvvic. 
Meat,  wi'-I-as  ("flesh."  SceFlesJt). 
Medirinc,  macki'ki  (this  word,  which 
also  signifies  "herb,  plant,"  is 
probably  from  the  radical  seen  in 
the  Xipissiiig  nuvkosi,  "prairie," 
and  Saiileux  mac/cosi,  "grass, 
plant  "). 

Ml  d  iriiie-mnn  ,{\i6^uko\\]n]'  [\\ ;  mfde' 

{irini'iu  -z:^  man). 
Mietinij-lioiise  (see  Church). 
Midnight,    ('iliiti';     debiUEt     ("half 

night  ;  "  tiie  radical  o/iiiE  signifies 

"half"). 
Mil/,y     iniy,      na'nicpakwe'bikEmi- 


:  it; 


1  1«.> 


42 


towEt  (Mrs.  liolin  said  this  word 
meant  tliat  "the  sturgeon  was 
stirring  up  tlie  lalie  of  lieaveu 
with  his  nose  and  making  tlie 
water  "rily  ;  "  the  word  seems  to 
be  composed  of  Ki'nnc,  "stur- 
geon," and  Jill kiCf' hi fx'i'm'i,  "it  is 
turbid"). 
Miimoir,  gigo'sens  ("little  fish;" 
from  the  radical  ifig",  "a  tish," 
Willi  the  diminutive  sullix  -sens). 
Mississnfjii,    Misisa'gu  ;    Jlisisu'gwe 

(see  below). 
Moi'i'iislii,  omiikEsin  ("  his   mocca- 
sin ; '       the    etymology   of    this 
word  is  very  uncertain  ;   the  rad- 
ical may  be  vtuk,  "to  press  "). 
Mohmck,  nfi'towO  ("snal^e"). 
Montli,  ninggoki'jic  ("one  moon"). 
J/oo/',  ki'zis  '/.('.,    "star");    de'bi- 
ki'zis  ("  night  star  or  suii/'  from 
the  radical  (h'hik,  "niglit,"   anil 
Vi'zis,  "star"). 
Moose,  niicf'wa  (••  elk  "). 
Moose,  mons  (elymology  ?  l>ut  there 
is  reason  to  believe  that  the  wonl 
signifies  "  the  eater,"  in  allusion 
to  the  "ravage"  of  the  animal). 
Moridnij,  gi'gicK.p  (properly  "  in  the 
morning  early  ;  "  the  tirst  part  of 
the  word  has  not  been  explained, 
the  last  is  identical  with  Nipissing 
jeha,  "  ee   matin  passe,"  and   (>t- 
tipwe  jibd,  "tills  morning"). 
Morhiii'j  slur,  walian  ani';ng  (from 
iri'i'ljiDi.  "it    is  tlay,"au(l  I'l'iV.n'j, 
"star"). 
Mof/ur,  niiigga  (  -my  mother  ;"  the 

radical  is  ;j"  >. 
Mother,  ningga'nti  ("  our  mother"  ) ; 
aibi'gEuub ;  gicbie'nwes  (these 
two  words  were  obtained  from 
Chief  Johnston's  niece;  they 
seem  to  be  peculiar  to  ^lississaga, 
aiul  ilieir  etymology  is  not  ai)i>a- 
rent). 


Mother,  ndn'don  ("my   mother," 
a  (diildren's  word  ;  the  radical  is 
lit'iiloii    or   lUiilo.     C;uoq   seems  to 
connect  the  corresponding  Nipis- 
sing  djodjo  with  the  word  totoe, 
"breast,"  but  tliis  is  doubtful). 
Mother  ■  III  -Jiiw,    ninsigo'sis    ("my 
mother-in-law;"     this    word    is 
used  by  the  daughter-in-law  ;  the 
radical  is  sn/o'sts,  which  is  i)roba- 
bly  a  diminutive  of  the  word  seen 
in  Nipissing  si7.".s%  "tante  mater- 
nelle,"  Oteipwe  s/i/oks ;  n'uis'ujn'- 
iis  would  seem  therefore  to  mean 
"  my  little  mother's  sister  "). 
Mnuiitaiii,    wadji'u ;     watcii'i    (ety- 
mology?). 
Mouse,   wa  wabEkwEnn'dji ;  wawa- 
bEkwF.no'nci  (C'uoq   tliinks   that 
the    Nipissing    iriiiriiliil.-oiioteenjie 
is  adiminutiveof  an  earlier  word, 
wiibikoiiote,   the  exact   elymology 
of  which    is    unknown  ;    iierhaps 
tliis  latter  is  a   diminutive  of  a 
form  tpiibif.on). 
Month.  nintiVii  ("my  mouth;"  the 

radical  is  ton). 
Miirh,  ni[tl\va. 

Mint  turtle,  mi'cika  (etymology".'). 
J/«.v/,■;v<^    wajask ;     wadjack     (the 
etymology    of  this    word    is  very 
\ineerlain  ;  for  tlie  Xipissing  >r,i. 
j'lrt,-  (_  (loq   suggests  a  derivati(ni 
from    /'•'((■,    "  ilie    cabin    of     the 
muskrat,"    and     -nel.-.     "plant," 
because  "  il   a   sa  onojc  dans  les 
joncs  "). 
Mosiiiiito,  sri'gimi';  (etymologj- v). 


N. 


X'lils  (_/'/','/(';•  ).ock6ncig  ("  his  linger 
nails  ;"  the  radical  is  ej.-i'nu- ;  -ig 
is  plural  suHixj. 

j\'('j/',  bi-:ci"i' (Ihe  word  is  the  radical 
bvii  it',  "  shiu'l  "). 


43 


Ned,-,  okwfi'gEii  ("his  neck  ;"  the 
radical  is  kw'i'tj'&n). 

Needle,  caboniirEiis  (-s  seems  to  be 
a  (liiiiiniitive;  -hkh  is  instruinen- 
tul  suffix,  and  tlie  radical  is  ri'iho, 
"through,  pierce;"  a  needle  is 
"  that  which  pierces  or  is  thrown 
through  cloth,  etc."). 

Nephew,  anicwi'ni  (etj'mology  ?). 

Nettle,  niKsons  ;  luEso'ns  (Mrs.  Bo- 
lin  explained  this  word  as  mean- 
ing "fuzzy  thing;"  she  consid- 
ered it  and  the  word  for  "  nettle  " 
as  being  the  same.  The  words 
areditlerent,  however,  in  Olcipwc 
and  Nipissing). 

NcDer,  ka'win  wi'ka  {kil'icii,,  "not," 
and  ici'A-vf,  "later,  after"). 

New,  dckc  ("  it  is  new  ;  "  the  radi- 
cal seems  to  be  ork.  Compare 
(ick,  "raw,  green  "). 

Niece,  nindnMjjniis  ("my  niece;" 
the  radical  is  (hydjiinia). 

Nif/ht,  debikEt  ("it  is  night;"  -Kt 
is  sullix,  the  radical  is  ili'ln/:). 

Night  (lai^f),  dcbikoug  (-ong  suffix 
---"last"). 

Nine,  cangaswi  ;  cniigassi  (this  word 
is  com])osed  of  iun,g  and  the  radi- 
cal suffix  -iisiri.  Cuoii  says  that 
Cling  contains  the  idea  of  "inferi- 
orit}',  imperfection  ;  "  cungi'i^ir'i 
would  seem  to  mean  "the  imjier- 
fect  number,"  as  compared  with 
mifdswl,  "ten,"  Compure  (Jrce 
l>ek<i  mitiddt,  "nine"  "nearly 
ten"). 

Nimtij,  c'angasn  mita'nE  ("nine 
tens"). 

No,  ka ;  ka  ;  kawin  (the  radical  is 
/v7  ;  will  is  an  augmentative  par- 
ticle). 
Nonkoii  Miiiid,  minisinonkon  (Mrs, 
l?olin  explained  tiiis  word  as  sig- 
nifying  "  woods  -  all  -  in  -  one-spot 
island;"  mints  means  "island  ;" 


iioiikon  is  probably  from  the  root 
no)i,  "narrow,  constricted"). 

Nooh,  nawa'kwc  ("  it  is  the  middle 
of  the  day  ;  "  the  radical  is  mnn, 
"  the  middle,  in  the  middle  ;"  the 
literal  signification  of  the  word  is 
"  it,  the  sun.  is  at  the  middle  ;  " 
-I'lkwe  is  a  predicative  suffix  used 
of  the  "sun"). 

Nose,  nidja'c  ("my  nose;"  the 
radical  is  (IJuc.  Nipissing  djuc 
means  "  museau  "). 

Not,  gago  (probably  a  compound 
of  kd,  "  no  ";. 

Nut  (hazel),  pakanins  (ibis  is  a  di- 
minutive with  the  suffix  -ins, 
from  jiiikd-i,  "  hickory  nut  ";. 


0. 


Oiik  (hhick),  miiigomic  (this  word 
is  derived  from  nn'igd  for  m'ltik, 
"tree,"  and  -mic,  "shrub  ;  " 
the  acorn  is  vutijdtnia,  "wood- 
fruit  " ). 

Oiik  {white),  mi'cimic  ("the  big 
tree;"  mVcl,  "big,"  and  -?/uV, 
"  tree,  shrub  "). 

Oil)',  a(al)n'djEndk  (ibis  i>  a  deriva- 
tive from  a  more  jirimitive  form 
seen  in  the  Otcipwe  ujcboian  ;  the 
radical  is  ace,  "backward"'  See 
Uow.  Compare  Cree  ".9«f //iff,  "  il 
va  en  arrieie  ctant  assis  "), 

(iiita,  iiapa'djiknUn'cimi'djin  (un- 
djiii  is  radical  signifying  "eat, 
food  ;  "  the  whole  word  literally 
means  "horses'  food  "). 

Often,  niniiidjim  ( ('no(i  attaches  the 
corresponding  Xipissing  ininin- 
ijitii  to  the  radical  ningini, 
"quickly;"  the  word  is  formed 
by  reduplication). 

Old,  kete  (used  as  prefix  adjective). 

Old  woniit/i,  mindinin'nyi  (etymol- 
ogy-)■ 


44 


One,  pe'cik  ftlie  derivation  of  this 
word  is  not  yel  certain.  Dr.  J.  II. 
Trumbull  compares  with  Ot<  ipwc 
lujitj  the  Massacliusetts  pi'ixuk, 
"one  only."  and  concludes  that 
this  Algonkian  word  for  "one" 
really  signifies  "a  very  small 
thins?"). 

One,  ninggo  (used  with  nouns,  etc. ; 
etymoloify?). 

Otci/iicr,  otcipwO  (etymology  ?  See 
below). 

Otter,  nlgiii  (etymology'.'). 

Owl,  kokoko  (of  onomatop<i'ic  ori- 
gin). 

Owl  (white),  Wi'i'bi  kokoko  ("  white 
owl  "). 

Ox,  pi'djiki  (etymology'.'  In  C'ree 
jiijiskiw  has  the  general  sense  of 
"animal  "). 

P. 

PiKhllc,  abwe  (etymology?) 

Paddle  {to),  tcime'n  (see  Canoe). 

Paper,  masi'na'igEn  (derived  from 
the  radical  masina  .which  signifies 
"painted,  written,"  etc  ;  -gfE/i  is 
sulHx  of  agent  instrument  ;  "  pa- 
per "  is  "that  on  which  some- 
thing is  written  "). 

Parched  rice,  kapi-igEu  (derived 
with  the  suffix  -g-iin  from  the  rad- 
ical /ii'ijiis,  "  fragile  '"). 

Partridge,  pine'  (in  some  Algonkian 
dialects  this  is  the  word  for 
"bird;"  and  it  is  curious  that 
the  Mississaga  word  for  "bird," 
pini'cl  or  biiu'c'l,  is  a  diminutive 
of  this  radical.  Comj-./e  Cree 
pihyew,  "partridge,"  and  i>iyc»is, 
"bird"). 

P(ii,  migwEn  (literally  "  feather"). 

Pepper,  wKsi:kEn  ("  the  bitter 
thing;"  from  the  radical  wY.s'S.k, 
"bitter,  piquant  "). 


Ptrch    (fish),    F.sa'wa;     Esfi'wens ; 
Esfi'wis  (etymology?   The  second 
and  third  words  appear  to  have  a 
diminutive  sutllx  -ns). 
Pickerel,  oka'. 

Piijeoii  (wild),  Hmi'mi  (etymology?). 
Pike  (fish),  kino'nce  (probably  from 
the  radical  hVna,  expressing  the 
idea  "long,  pointed."  Laconibe 
derives  the  Cree  kinosew,  "  fish," 
from  the  root  kin,  "pointed, 
long"). 
Pi)ie,   cinggwak  (etymology'/     But 

compare  cingi/'//),  "  fir  "). 
P'pe  (tobacco),  opoa'gEn;  opwa'gEn 
(this  word  is  formed  by  means  of 
the  instrumental  sufflx  -gEii  from 
a  radical  pica,   "to  smoke  "). 
Plate,  ona'gEn  (-(/Kn  is  sufflx  of  in- 
strument or  agent). 
I'luin,  pakESEn  (etymology?). 
Point   (of  hind),    neyici   (from   the 

radical  ne,  "a  point  of  land"). 
Pnrcnpinc,  k-a'-k  ("rough,  bristly." 
Lacombe  derives  the  correspond- 
ing  Cree   word   kakwa  from   the 
radical  kitkk,  "  rough,  hard  to  the 
touch  "). 
Portage,    wa'nigEm    (this     corres- 
ponds, with  vocal  change,  to  Ni pis- 
sing onikam  and  Otcipwe  0Hi(/«wi). 
Port  Perry,  Tida'nE  ("town  "). 
Pot    (store),    okfi'kik  ;     o'kEta'kik 
(Cuoq  derives  the  Nipissing  okat- 
akik  from  okat,    "his  leg,"  and 
akik,  "kettle;"    the  word  signi- 
fying "a  pot  with  legs"). 
Potato,  opin  ;  opi'ni  (this  word  ap- 
jtears  to  have  been  given  in  various 
Algonkian  dialects  to  other  sub- 
terranean   fruits    and   vegetables 
than  the  potato). 
Powder  (gnn),  mnkade  (literally,"  it 

is  black  "). 
Powder-horn,  bindEkatewEu  ("that 
in  which  powder  is  put  ;  "    from 


45 


bind,  radical  signifying  "in,"  and 
mKhi'itr,  "  powder  ;  "  -n  suffix). 

rrd'rie.  niEsliwaio  (from  tlie  siune 
radical,  mEsk,  seen  in  Cree  manl- 
iitew,  "prairie;"  masl.nsiy, 
"gras-s  ;  "  Nipissing  mackote). 

Pumpkin,  ogwiciniEn  (etymology  ?) 


Queen,  o'gimfi'kwu  ;  o'kimfi'kwa 
("  female  chief ;"  formed  by  the 
suffix  -kim,  "woman,"  from 
o'kimil,  "chief"). 


R. 


Riihhit,  ■vviTpfis  ;  wfipos  (a  derivative 
from  the  root  wilh,  "  to  be  wliite,  " 
by  reason  of  the  color  of  the  ani- 
mal in  winter  ;  if  -s  represents 
here  a  diminutive  suffix,  then 
icfipds  will  be  "the  little  white 
one  "). 

Raccoon,  ii^fsibEn  ;  e'ssibEn  (the  ety- 
mology of  tliis  word  is  not  unite 
certain  ;  Mrs.  Jameson  says  there 
is  a  legend  that  the  raccoon  was 
made  from  a  shell  on  the  shore, 
and  that  his  name  signifies  liter- 
ally "he  was  a  shell, "  from es.  "a 
shell,"  and  -pe.ii  or  -bKii,  a  suffix 
exi)rcssing  what  is  past  ;  Cuo(j, 
however,  says  that  the  word 
means  "the  animal  that  feeds  on 
oysters  ;  "  in  any  case  the  radical 
is  es,  "shell,  oyster"'). 

Rain,  ki'miwEn  ("it  is  raining;  ' 
Lacombe  seems  to  derive  the  Cree 
kimiican  from  the  root  kirn,  "en 
secret ;  "  -icKn  is  predicative  suf- 
fix). 

Rtdnbow,  o'tEgwa'nil)i'i>iEn  C"the 
coverer  of  the  rain  ;  "  from  o'Wj- 
irfi' li,  "he  covers  it,"  and  the 
radical  suffix,   -bV-'is^n,   "rain;" 


the  Indians  believed  that  the 
Great  Spirit  covered  the  rain  with 
his  mantle). 

Rdspberi'ii,  nn'skwimin  (  'blood- 
l)erry  ;  "  miskic'i,  "blood,"  and 
min,   "  berry  "). 

R"t,  gitci  wa'wabEkwKno'dji  ( "  big 
mouse  "). 

Rattle,  ciVigWEn  Cthis  word  contains 
the  sutlix  -wKn ;  the  first  part  is 
probably  onomatopo'ic  and  con- 
nected with  tlie  word  for  rattle- 
snake). * 

Rattlesnake,  cicigwe;  cicigwa  (prob- 
ably of  onomatopo'ic  origin). 

Haven,  kakaki'  (of  onomatopoeic 
origin). 

Razor,  gackiba'djigEn  (formed.with 
the  instrumental  suffix  -(jEn,  from 
the  radical  i7«t7i,  "to  scrape;"  a 
razor  is  "that  with  which  one 
scrapes  or  shaves."  Nipissing 
kackibas,  "se  raser  "). 

Red,  miskwa  ("it  is  red;"  the 
words  for  "red"  and  "l)lood" 
seem  to  come  both  from  the  same 
stem,  misk')  or  misk,  "  red  or 
blood-colored  "). 

Redwood,  miskwfi'bimic  (i\\\s  word 
jirobably  signifies  "dysentery 
shrub  ;  "  from  miskird'bi,  "bloody 
flux,  dysentery,"  and  -niic, 
"shrub."  According  to  Cuoq 
the  Indians  used  its  bark  to  stop 
the  flow  of  blood"). 

lieindeer  (not  known). 

Ribbon,  sriiipEu  (this  word  appears 
to  be  a  borrowed  term  ;  Cuo(i 
gives  ill  Nipissing  deniband  as 
from  French  dn  ruban,  and  the 
Mississaga  ,sen~tpKn  is  probably 
the  same  woril  witl)  s  ^-  d  ). 

Rice  (irihl),  niKno'min  (the  last 
part  of  this  word  is  7nin,  "fruit, 
grain  ; ''  what  the  first  part  signi- 
fies is  not   certain  ;  perhaj^s  it  is 


46 


from  tlie  root  seen  in  Nipissing 
nmn,  "to  lift,  to  t;ilve  away,'  in 
reference  to  the  luetiioil  of  tliresli- 
ing  tlic  rice  into  the  eunoes;. 

Jiice  ipan-heil)  (see  Parched  rice ). 

Right  Iiitiid  (see  ILnid,. 

Ring  {Jxngcr),  tt'iibiniiid.iibiso'n 
(this  word  seems  to  consist  of  the 
radicals  ^c?^"6,  "around,  round," 
hind),  "hand,"  and  bis<'>i',  "gir- 
dle"). 

Ricer,  sibi ;  slpi  (perhaps  cognate 
with  the  Ciee  radical  sip,  "qui 
s'ctend  "). 

Roiid,  mi'kEn  (etymology.'). 

Rohiii,  opi'tci  (etymology".'). 

Jiock.  otci  pik  (iho  sullix  radical  -hik, 
t'lhik  "-  "  mineral,  stone,"  etc., 
seems  lo  be  contained  in  this 
word). 

Roof,  opv'ikwEn  ("tlie  cover  of  the 
house;"  from  the  radical  opnk, 
through  the  verb  opukn; ,  "  to 
cover  a  house."  with  suflix.  Tlie 
JMississaga  word  is  identical  with 
the  Cree  (tpnk/ac'm  and  Nipissing 
(ipakiran,  and  ditlei's  from  the  less 
primitive  (ipnkdiljiijmi  of  the  Ot- 
cipwc). 

Roir  (f.),  nind  acebo'yE  ("I  row;'' 
the  idea  in  "row"  is  to  "sit 
backwards,"  from  the  radical 
dcif ,  "back,  backwards;"  the 
word  literally  signifies  "I  move 
backwards  sitting  "). 


S. 


Bait,  si'ata'vcg  (this  i^  jirobably  the 
same  word  as  the  Nipissing  ciirit- 
(f!/an,  which  comes  from  the  radi- 
cal ciic,  "acid,  bitter,  salt"). 

Salmon,  aca'mRk  ;  acawft'mEk  (the 
last  part  of  this  word  is  the  sutlix 
radical — I'nnKk,  "  fish  ' ' ) 

SarsajxirillK,    oka'dEk     ("his    leg 


root  ;  '  ("'-pronoun,  km!  radical  ^^ 
"leg,"  -e/  radical  sutlix  signify- 
ing "  wood,  tree,  root ;  "  so  called 
from  its  shape). 
Sassafras,  menagwa'kimic  ("the 
scented  tree  :  "  literally  "it  gives 
forth  an  odor  shrub;"  from  the 
radical  menam,  "  smell,"  through 
W\e  vv.rhmenagos,  "to  give  forth 
a  smell,"  and  the  sutlix  -mic, 
"tree,  shrub."  Compare  Olcipwe 
menagwad,  "  it  smells  "). 
Saviour,  Our  (Christ),  kitcc  ma'nitu 

(t.  c,  "(iod  "). 
Screcch-oid,  kokokO  (onomatopo'ic). 
Sea,  kitciga'mc  ;  gigitciga'mc  ("big 
water  ;"  kifci,  "  big,"  and  -gn'mc, 
radical  sutlix  signifying  "body  of 
water;"    gigitcl    is    reduplicated 
from  hUci  or  ijitri .    8ee  Lnh  ). 
See,  6\val)i'iiidEn  ("he  sees  it  "). 
Seed,  miniki'.n  (etymology".'). 
Secen,   nicwa'si  ;    nicwfi'swi  ("two 
more"    or    "two -f  five;"     n'lc, 
"two,"  and  n'src'i.    See  Five). 
Seventy,  nicwa'si  uiia'nE  ("  seven 

tens"). 
Shave  {c),  kackil)a'cn  (see  Razor). 
Sheep,  mauEta'uic  (Mrs.  Bolin  stated 
that  this  word  meant  "  the  animal 
whose  hide   is   not  durable,"  or 
"damaged  hide  ;"  the  correspond- 
ing Cree  is  mesljimix) . 
Shirt,  pKpEkEwe'-i-Kn  ("'thin  skin" 
or  "thin  wearing  ;"  from  the  rad- 
ical   pKpv.ki:,     "thin,"    and    the 
radical     sufiix     -uu'-'t-Ku,   '-skin, 
fur"). 
Shoe,  uiukESEu  (this  word  has  been 
intluenced  by  English  pronuncia 
tion.     8ee  Mocensia), 
Shoe,  mi  tikvva'kEsiii("  wood-shoe;" 
composed  of  mitig,  "  wood,"  and 
mvkEsin  or  rna'kKsin,  "  shoe  "). 
Shool  (r.),  packisigE  ("he  shoots  ;" 
see  Gan). 


mm 


47 


Shot  (/;.).  fi  cilxinwins  ("little 
(liicklmll  ;"  cirih,  "iliu;k,"  iind 
('•niriiis,  (liininiitivc  of  tonn,  "ball 
bullet,  arrow;"  in  Xipissiiii:, 
amci  means  "arrow"  only,  a 
sense  wbieb  it  lias  not  in  Ok  ipwe. 
Tiie  Toronto  3IS.  has  for  "  shot  " 
shissifi(ino>ie)i). 

ShoiiUhr,  odinimangsEn  ("bis 
shoulder;"  the  radical  is  dim- 
7iuing(jKii.  C'uoq  connects  the 
Nipisslng  tinimangau  with  the 
r  a  d  i  c a  1  tinUjan,  "shoulder- 
blade  "). 

Silver,  wfibiskE  cn'nia  ("white 
money  ;"  from  the  stem  wuhi^ld, 
an  enlargement  of  the  radical 
iri'if),  "whit  e, "  and  ro'ifin, 
"  money,  silver  "). 

Sister,  ni'tikik  ;  iii'tiLiik  ;  ni'tiki' 
("my  sister;"  the  radical  liitiJ.ik, 
"sister  of  a  woman  "). 

Sister  (i/oiUiger),  oci'mKyim  ("his 
sister  ;  "  the  radical  is  a'/ma). 

Sistir  Older),  nbini-;si;n  ("my  sis- 
ter ;"  the  radical  is  niissKi. 

Sister-in-htw,  ninim  ("  my  sister-in- 
law  ;  "  the  radical  is  iiiin). 

Six,  ninffo'twas  ("one+  five;"  uia- 
fjo't,  lUirl). 

Sixti/,  ningotwa>i  miia'nK  ("six 
tens"). 

Ska;/og  ishnid,  minis  ("  island  " ). 

ShiKjog  hike,  pldjo'gKn  sku'KgogC.'). 

Skunk,  cik6g("  the  nrinator;"  from 
the  radical  (■//,■,  "to  urinate"). 

Sky,  gi'cik  ;  ki'/iku  (etymology? 
In  Xipissing,  .////,  sign ities  "  day" 
only;. 

Sleep  (i\),  nlpfi'. 

Skiejh,  ci'boggEH  (origin'.'). 

Sleigh,  otM'bKn  ("that  on  which 
something  is  drawn  or  transport- 
ed ;"  from  the  radical  otn'hv.,  "to 
carry,  to  transport  "). 

SmuU,  Kkfi'sin  (  "  it  is  small  ;'  from 
the  radical— i;/,<^'s,  "small";. 


Smoke  (c),  kikfi'nKinu'le  ("it 
smokes  " ). 

Sinike,  kiiie'pik  ffrom  the  radical 
kin,  "  long,  pointed  ";. 

Snakt  {green),  osawaskogine'bikons 
("  little  green  snake  ;"  -ons  is  di- 
minutive). 

Snoir,  ki'in. 

Su'iir  (v.),  so'gipo  ("it  snows;" 
properly  "to  fall  in  Makes  ;"  from 
the  radical  sn'k't,  "  miicb,  in  a 
heap,  numerously,"  and  the  rad- 
ical sullix   p'/,  •'  to  snow  "). 

Snoirshoe,  a'kim  ;  agim  (etymol- 
ogy V). 

Soft,  no'ka  ("it  is  soft";. 

Soldier,  cuna'gi;nic  (derivative  of 
e'lmi'i'gy.n,  ' '  lance,  spear  ' ' ). 

Sou,  ningwii  ("  my  son  ;"  the  radi- 
cal is  giriK). 

Son  (adopted),  ningwi>siki-:  ("my 
adopted  son  "  ). 

Son-in-l(iir,  niningwi:n  ("my  son- 
in-law  ;"  tlie  radical  i.s  ningirvji). 

Speak,  ki'kiio  T"  he  speaks  "';. 

Sjieur,  Onil  (etymology".'). 

Spid(r,  i>a'pika'i;ci  ("the  net- 
maker;"  through  the  verb  k.v?'- 
jfika,  "to  make  a  net;"  from 
the  radical  Kxn'jt,  "  a  net  "). 

Sjiir/t  (i//iiist),  n'lciica'g  (""his 
spirit  ;"  the  nulic.-il  is  ti-i'tc<ig). 

Spirit  U)itd).  ma'dj I  (itciicii'g  (W-' '(//■/. 
"bad"). 

Spiiit,  evil  idedh.  madji  niuiiidu  ; 
matci  ma'nitu. 

Snirit,  holy  i  Ilobj  Ghost),  j^iK  i  n't- 
citcag  (gifei  r=  "  great  ";. 

Spiiiin.  i';mik\vi;ii  (elyniolngy '.'). 

Sjiring  ( /rd!),  tKkil)  r|)robaI>!y  from 
the  radical  ti./.K  or  tiJ.i.  "cool, 
cold,"  in  reference  to  the  temper- 
ature of  the  water). 

Spring  (senstm  >,  mino'kami  ;  niino'- 
ki:nii  (literally  "the  water  is 
good  [for  navigating]  ;"  from 
the    radical    m'lno,    "good,"    and 


s . 


■■^ 


m 


48 


the  rndical    sullix  /.I'lmt  or  hKmi, 
"  water ' '), 

Spring  (last),  niiiio'kiiiniiii,'  (-iif/  -. 
"liisl ' ';. 

Sjiruce,  kiiwri'iulak  ("  the  tree  with 
Miirrow,  iioinli'd  Icuvea  ;"  from 
tlu'  niiliciil  /■'>,  "  sliiirp,  prickly, 
pointed,"  iuid  the  radii'iil  siiltix 
ii'/nht/,-.  which  denotes  the  foliage 
of  evergreen  trees). 

JS(/uirrel,  utci'tan»on  ;  a  tc  i'  t  a  ni  u 
(Cuoq  derives  .he  Nipissing  ittrit. 
aiiio  from  atcit,  "  head  first,"  and 
■(t7n,  relating  to  the  "mouth;" 
the  animal  is  so  named  from  the 
way  iu  which  he  descends  trees, 
etc.). 

SUIT,  anang  ;  aiiangki  (signiticatioii 
of  ki  is  uncertain). 

Stee7'  (v.),  ota'ki:. 

Steji  (v.),  tJ-.kwKki  ;  iHkwF.k  C'he 
steps"). 

Stick  (for  threnhing  rice),  pawKg- 
miiik  (from  the  radical  pairKn, 
"to  thrash  or  heat  with  a  stick,' 
and  miiik,  "  stick  "). 

Stick,  mi'lik  ;  mitig. 

Stocking,  cihignumiiri's  ("long  leg- 
gings;" from  the  radical  ci/i, 
"long,"  and  mitii's,  "leg- 
ging")- ^ 

Stone,  assen  ;  assi'n  ;  asi'n  (the 
Cree  ussiuiy,  "  stone,  "  seems  to 
be  cognate  with  ussan,  "  dur, 
solide  "). 

StoiH,  pi  wa'bikisik  nnf  from  pi  irl'i'hik, 
"  irttn,"  and  Mi'ikKn,  "warmer"). 

Strairherry,  otc'min  ("his  heart 
fruit,"  (V,  ic,  min  ;  from  its 
shape). 

Sturgeon,  name'  (in  some  dialects 
this  word  means  "  fish  "). 

Sdcker  (fish),  nfimc'pin  (a  deriva- 
tive from  niitni',  which  in  some 
dialects  signifies  "  fish  "). 

Sugar,  tisiba'kwKt  (see  .Vaplesvgnr. 


Cuoq,  however,  connects  Creo 
sisipaskirat  with  siai/t,  "duck"). 

Sugar,  s^fcapiTwa  (the  preceding 
word  was  thus  imperfectly  pro- 
nounced by  one  Indian). 

Snmacli,  pakwKnimic  ("the  tree 
that  bears  the  pn'kicF.ii;  -mic, 
"tree,  shrub  "). 

Sumcch  -frxit,  pakwKu  (etymol- 
ogy V). 

S'nnmer,  ni'pin  (etymology?). 

Summer  (last),  ni'binong  (-ong  = 
"last  "). 

Sun,  ki'zis  (etymology?). 

Sunday,  animi'K  gi'cikKt  ("  worship 
day"). 

Sunfish,  okwKifi'ci  (etymology?). 

Sirniloir  (hint),  sasi'nibiclag  (ety- 
mology?). 

Siratnp,  niKskeg  (etymology?). 

Siraii,  wabi'fi  ("the  white  bird;" 
from  the  radical  irab,  "white,  to 
be  white,"  and  the  radical  suffix 
■si,  "bird  "). 

Sirim  (i\),  pima'taki-:  (from  the  rad- 
ical jiin,  used  as  a  prefix  in  cer- 
tain verbs  of  movement,  and  the 
radical  suflix  ii'takE,  "to  move 
through  the  water,  to  swim  "). 


2'ake  (c  oJa'pini-;  ("I  take 

it:"  .adical     is     (^nl<~i'j>in, 

^('cer's),  raaskKwa'djI  pi'- 
....  1 1;  ("  frozen  grease;"  the  rad- 
ical of  the  first  component  is 
niiUka,  "  hard,  stifT"). 

Tamarack,  mi';skeg\va'lik  ("swamp 
tree;"  from  inv.skfg,  "swamp," 
and  the  radical  suffix  -a'tik,  -wd'- 
tik,  "  plant  "). 

Teacher,  kiki'nfiiinania'kK  ("he 
teaches  "). 


40 


Teeth,  nivvl'bitu  C"niy  tcetli  ;  "  the 
raJiral  is  lit;  lii»;nilly  '•  I  liavo 
toeth"). 

Ten,  miifi'si ;  miiaswi. 

Th an k  yon,  mi <r \v i: t < • . 

That  one,  In  i.fi. 

There,  iniiiwo'i. 

Thimble  berrj/,  <")(1a'taKa'gninin  (ety- 
nioloji'y  •.'     ■')niii    =  "  hurry  "). 

Thirtji,  nisiiiiiiri'iii;  r  "  ilirec  tens  "), 

Threuil,  sasi;hi;h  (see  Sit). 

Three,  ni'sui. 

Th'indir,  aiiKnii'ki  fctyiiioloay ?). 

Ihundir  t,ird,  a  n  k  m  i  k  I  pine'cl 
("tliunder  bird  ";. 

Tin,  Wil'hfihik  ("wliite  metal;" 
from  tlie  radical  "•<>/>,  'white,  "  and 
the  radical  sutlix  .n'bil.,  "  metal, 
mineral."  Compare  French /V?'- 
hlanr). 

Tba*/,  6muki;kl  ("t'roii";;  papijin- 
nuikKki  (Mrs.  Holin  said  tliis 
word  siiinified  "roiiuh  frog;" 
C'uo((,  however,  derives  the  cor- 
responding Xipissing  pninkomn- 
kiiki  from  impik,  "  Wca,"  7niikitki, 
"frog;"  the  Crcc  pipikiratettcir, 
"toad,"  which  Lacombe  connects 
with  pipiknsiir,  "it  is  rough," 
seems  to  favor  the  former  ety- 
niology ;. 

Tobacco,  se'mi:. 

To-dity,  n6iigom  gr'cikKt  ("now 
day;"  nongom,  "now,"  from 
radical  nonij ;  (jVc'ikv.t,  "day." 
Compare  English  "nowa- 
days"). 

7'oes,  nrbin6kwi:nisi;ti:n  (literally 
"the  series  of  daughters  of  the 
foot;"  the  first  component  of 
this  word  is  the  radical  n'l'binv., 
"in  a  row,  in  succession;"  the 
last,  «i-:(i;m  =  Nip  i  ssi  n  g  sitnn, 
"toe,"  from  sit,  "foot;"  K/i  = 
Nipissing  an,  "daughter  "). 

Tomorroir,  wit'bunk    (;i  derivative 


from  iri'i'liv.n,  "it  is  da\% "which 
comes  from  the  root  iriib, 
"light";. 

Tornorroir  mernini/,  Maln'inkigi'ci'.p 
(glcep  ^^  "  morning  ";. 

7'(i//(7'/(',nindKna'nii'i  ("my  tongue;" 
the  radical  is  ilvju'i' nlii ). 

Tiirch,  waswfi'giin  (derived  by  the 
instrumental  suftl.x  -gyji  from  the 
radical  icUini,  '-to  lisli  b\'  the 
light  of  a  torch  "  j. 

Toronto,  gitcO  odA'ni-;  ("big 
town  "). 

Totem,  o(16'di:m  ("his  totem  ;"  the 
radical  i-  ii'dv.m.  Schoolcraft 
connected  this  word  with  the  root 
seen  in  Otcipwc  odinu,  "village, 
town;"  Dr.  .1.  II.  Trumbull 
thinks  it  is  from  the  verl)  "to 
have;"  in  Olcipwc  odnhi/inin,  "he 
has;"  Massachusetts  oht-un,  "he 
lias;"  neither  of  these  etymolo- 
gies is  very  satisfactory.  Cuo(i 
seeks  to  connect  otc  with  te, 
"heart  " ). 

Trap  (for  kiUini/  nnimnh),  dasona'- 
gi:n  (-fiKii  U  instruinental  sullix  ; 
the  radical  is  ddsimit,  "to  catch 
in  a  trap  "). 

Tree  (no  word  in  use  to  express  the 
general  idea ;  one  Indian,  how- 
ever, used  in'itii/). 

Tree  (species?),  akakwu'nic  (ety- 
mology V). 

Trii-frog,  gi'kibingwakwa  (etymol- 
ogy'.'). 

Tribal  mimi,  ^lississfi'gO  ;  ]Mi^i^^l'g^■ 
(see  below). 

Trolling  line,  r>dri'djik6'ki:n  (-ki-.n 
is  instrumental  sulVix  ;  the  verb 
vdii'djikiikv.,  "to  flsli  with  a  hook 
and  line,"  may  I)c  connected 
with  the  radical  \{i\\)  iitil'bv.,  "to 
draw,  to  pull."  See  Fishing  line). 

Trout,  namc'gfis  (a  derivative  from 
the  radical  niuni'.    See  Sturgeon). 


I  yMWf'^  'Wfc^.iaiTrBaMw 


50 


Trunk  {box),  nM'rnj;\vac  (from  initvj, 
"wood, ■■  ami  n-nr,  radiciil,  ^\g\\\- 
fvin.ii'  "cavitv,  hollow."  See 
Fi'enelnnnn). 

Turkey  {Uime  or  u-ild),  iiiisi'sK  ( ' '  the 
great  bird;"  from  tlie  radical 
mifi,  "great,"  and  the  radical 
siiilix  -SK,  •■  bird  "). 

Turnip,  tfis  (perhaps  "pointed"). 

Tircnty,  mcta'ni-:  ("  two  tens  "). 

Tiro,  nic. 

U. 

U<lly,  wi'iiKt  ("it  is  dirty  ;  "  from 
the  radical  inn,  "dirty"). 

rni'le,  nicicr'  ("my  mother's 
brother  ;  "  the  radical  is  ci'c< ). 

Uiidi,  nlmicuniin  ("my  father's 
brother  ;"  the  radical  is  mico/nin). 


Valhy,  wa'natiuK  (literally  "the 
mountain  is  liollow  ;  "  from  the 
radical  iri/n,  "hollow,''  and  the 
radical  siitlix  ■n'ui ). 

Villnye,  oda'nons  (diminutive,  by 
the  sutlix  -ons,  of  inlfi'ni-:, 
"town  "). 


W 


Wiiyon,  titilii'si-;  ("it  rolls;"  from 
the  radical  (ilib,  "round, 
around  " ). 

Wii;/on,    uta'bi-.n  ;    n  d  a'  b  i:  n    (see 

bin';//!)- 

Wulk  (r.).  pimu'si-;  (from  /i/'in,  a 
verbal  prefix,  and  the  radical  suf- 
fix -usK,  "  to  go  on  foot  " ). 

WiiiK/Dnn,  miiiis. 

Wuiit  (v.),  niwidjK  ("I  desire;" 
the  radical  is  triilj). 

War,  migu'ti  win  (  "  fi  g  h  t  i  n  g  ;  " 
formed,   with  the   abstract  sutlix 


•{V)irin,  from  the  railical  miga, 
which  expresses  the  idea,  "to 
fight"). 

Wiir-iiuh,  pikwr4'kwKto'pakami:gi:a 
("ball  club;"  from  iiikir,'i'kirKt, 
"  bid),  "and  jxtknuiv.yv.n,  "club  ;" 
this  last,  as  (Jree  jHikdhami'nr,  "  he 
strikes,"  shows,  is  from  root  /laka, 
"to  strike,"  with  su     x  -fjv.h). 

W'ir-hatchet,  t  c  i  k  a  m  i  Iv  w  i-:  n  (see 
Hatchet). 

W<trm,  gico'tK  ("the  weather  is 
warm;"  from  the  radical  (/Ic, 
"warm  "). 

Warrior,  migfi'sowinini  ("war 
man  "). 

Wai<h  (i\ ),  g  i'  s  i  b  i  g  i':  - 1  k  k  ( ' '  ho 
washes"). 

Wati/i,  amo  (etymology?). 

Wati-h,  tibK-igi'ziswKn  ("sun  meas- 
urer ;"  from  the  radicals  tlbi:,  ex- 
pressing the  idea  of  "measure," 
and  ijVzix,  "sun;"  -trv.n  is  suf- 
fix). 

M^ater,  nipi. 

WatcrfiiU,  kakabi'kF.n  (from  kaka- 
hi'kv:,  "a  pcritendicular  cliff  or 
rock,"  which  fnjm  the  radical 
kaka  or  kak,  "angular  "j. 

Water  lily,  ukita'bi;k  (etymology?). 

Wave  (n. ),  ti'kowKk  ("waves;'' 
•  v.k  is  plural  suffix). 

TF(/.r,  a'mopi'mitK  ("bee  grease"). 

Wdisel,  cingus  (perhaps  -iis  is  di- 
minutive). 

Week,  u-gnta'sigi'cTkKt  ("six  days;'' 
ncjii't  or  tiiuiji/f,  iysl-=ii'su-i,  gV- 
c'lkv.t ;  Sundaj'  not  included). 

Wheel,  lilibl'sK  (see   Waf/on). 

Wdl  (spring),  tKkib  (see  Spring). 

West,  api'.ngiciinrdv  ("towards  the 
sunset;''  a-  locative  prefix;  /*K/i. 
i/ii-niu/,  "the  sun  sets,"  from  the 
radical  pv.ngi'cin,  "to  fall  ;  "  -k, 
sutlix). 

What'    aningiuK  ;   aninggini".    (the 


51 


existence  of  the  Nipissing  nuin 
enf/i  seems  to  iiiakt  it  jiroliable 
tliiU  the  Mississaga  word  lias  sul- 
fered  from  metathesis). 

W/mt?  ani'ii? 

Wheat,  pakwecikKiiKciv  ("bread 
herb;"  palwe'c'ih'v.n,  "bread," 
and  -Kf^-,  radical  siiflix,  signifying 
"herb,  i)]ant  "■). 

WhiU,  opI'tKo  ;  o'pidKc  Cl'rom  ojil, 
"when,"  and  ^i;c,  "and;"  prop- 
erly --  "and  Avlicn,"  used  in  nar- 
ration). 

TFAcyv  ?  anindUfrom  nuln,  "wliat," 
and  tlie  radical  sullix,  -'/«,"  place, 
spot "). 

Whisky,  icku'dcwa'pfi  ;  icku  tcwa'- 
bn  (  "  fire  liquid  ;"  icku'ti ,  "  fire," 
and  -irri'ho,  radical  suffix  =::"  liq- 
lud  "). 

Whistle  (v.),  kwlckwic  fononiato- 
po'ic). 

White,  wfipickK  ("it  is  white;"  a 
derivative  from  the  radical  a-(~ib, 
"white"). 

Whitefish,  atikanu'k  ("caribou- 
fish;"  atik,  "deer,"  and  ■umik, 
radical  suffix  -  -  "fish"). 

Whid  man,  ca'gKuac  (Cuo(i  derives 
the  Aliionkian  variants  of  this 
word  all  from  Fi'-U'li  anglais: 
he  states  that  tiie  earlier  form  of 
the  Nipissing  afjancca  was  augal- 
eea). 

Wii'k  (see  Lamptrick). 

Wife,  omintKmu'-Knic  ("his wife  ;" 
literally  "his  bad  old  woman  ;" 
()-,  possessive  prefix;  inntvjnii'ii:, 
"old  woman,"  and  -ie,  pejorative 
sufiix). 

Wildraf,  pijfr  ;  pi(  iu'  (etymcdogy'.'). 

Wild  rurrants  {bliel.)  (see  Cur- 
rants). 

Wild  goose,  nikfi'  (etymology?). 

Wind,  no  din  ("it  blows"). 

Wind   (east),    wa'bKnlnn'din  rfrom 


ir<ybEn,     "east,"     and       no'din, 
"  wind  "). 

Wind  (no/'th),  kiwe'din  (  "  the  home 
wind;"  from  the  radical  klire, 
"to  turn,  to  return  home,"  and 
iiii'ilin,  •'  wind  "). 

Win  d(soiifh), CAW  v.  n  inodin  ( from  the 
radicals  eain-.n,  "south,"  and 
nil' din,  "  wind  "). 

Wind( iresf),  ninka  bei;nnu  din  (ni/i- 
l.<ib(\:n,  "west,"  and  ni/din, 
"wind  "). 

Wi/idoir,  wasfi'djKkKn  ("that  by 
which  the  light  comes  in  ;  "  from 
"■Ksd'dJK,  "it  is  light,"  and  the 
instrumental  sufiix  -kv./i), 

Willi,  miskwa'gamik  ("the  red 
li(pud  ;  "  from  ndskira,  "it  is 
red,"  and  the  radical  suffix  ii  gam/, 
"  li(iuid,  li(iUor  "). 

Wing,  oningwi'kKni:  ("he  has 
wings  ;"  the  radical  hon'uujirikv.n, 
"wing,"  which  comes  from  the 
root  ningir'i,  "  armpit,"  according 
to  C'uoq). 

Winter,  pipo'n  :  plpo'i-.n. 

Winter  (J'lft),  pqin  nong  (-ong,  suf- 
fix -    "last"). 

Wire,  i)i\va  l)ikon>  (a  diminutive  by 
the  suffix  -ons  from  puri'ibik, 
"iron  ;  "   "little  iron  "). 

Wolf,  ma  iuggi;n  (the  etymology 
of  this  word  is  not  yet  known  ; 
perhaps  it  signifies  "  thetearer  "). 

Wnniiin,  ekwfi  ;  ek\vri'( etymology?). 

Worn  -'i  (.old),  mindimo'nyl  (ety- 
mology?). 

Wood  (s/irk),  miiig,   mitik. 

Wood  (fire-),  mici. 

Woodtierker  (spu'iis?),  jiapassK  (ou- 
omatopo'ic?). 

Wool,  mani-;tanico'lii\va  i  ("the 
sheep  his  hair  ;"  b'l' n-ni,  radical=^ 
"  hair,  pilus  "). 

iro?'?«,s' (c*(/7/o,  cigicnfi  usidi  '-'//,  is 
idural  suffix). 


52 


Wi)7'ms    (tape),    nkai-a'giim'ik  (■'//,■, 

plural  suHix). 
Writ)',    niiul   n(i|iiKii    ("I   write;" 

from  the  radical  oci,  "In  make  ;  " 

literally,    "I   make   marks   upon 

somethiui;-  "). 

y. 

Ydrii,  uwfi'tuk  ;  owa'tug  (etymol- 
ogy?). 

Year,  pipo'i-.n  ("winter"). 

Yeast,  fimbisigi  ki;n  (from  the  radi- 
oal  seen  in  Otcipwe  otuhisse,  "  I 
tly  up  in  the  air  ;"  om/^/s/</v/,  "I 
rise  on  high  ;"  whence  I'lnhissit- 
ehigan,  "yeast  "). 

Yelloic,  osa'wK  ("it  is  yellow  "). 


Yes.  e  ;  v.. 

Yesterdai/,  jntcina'go  (composed  of 
the  radicals  ja'fa  and  -o/ia'tjo,  the 
last  signifying  "past;"'  ]iila, 
perhaps,  means  "distant"). 

Ycsierday  (t/ic  day  hefore),  k{{vF. 
EWESEna'gd  (this  word  probably 
signifies  the  "day  before  the  day 
before  yesterday,  big  yesterday  ;" 
kili'v., ' '  big, ' '  K/rKs-, "  far  ofi", "  and 
■oiia'go,  "  past  "). 

Yoii,  ki. 

Yu'iiig  girl,  ockinekwa  (from  the 
radical  sock,  "young,  new,"  and 
i'/i'i;~i,  "  woman  "). 

Yo'ing  iiKui,  ockina'we  (from  the 
radical  ock,  "new,"  imd  sufHx 
-fi' irt  ). 


Mythoi-ooical  Texts. 

Much  of  the  old  mythology  of  the  Mi.ssissagas  is  now  forgotten  (see 
Jo'irn.  of  Ami  r.  Folk-Lore,  ii,  141-1-17;  iii,  140-1."J4).  Still  there  are  a 
few  amongst  them  who  remember  something  of  the  lore  of  their  people 
in  former  days  and  are  willing  to  tell  it,  though  there  appears  to  exist  a 
prejudice  against  bringing  up  again  the  reminiscences  of  the  old  heathen 
times.  >Irs.  Holiu  is  regarded  as  the  wisest  of  the  Indians  in  the  matter 
of  the  history  of  her  people  and  their  beliefs  in  the  past,  and  from  her 
the  greater  part  of  the  information  here  recorded  was  obtained. 

A. — Of  the  great  deluge  legend  the  writer  was  able  to  secure  but  a 
fragment:  "When  there  was  a  flood  on  the  earth  AVanil)ojfr  gathered 
together  the  aninuxls.  He  got  into  his  boat  and  then  he  sent  down  the 
muskrat.  The  muskrat  dived  and  then  he  brought  up  some  earth  in  his 
claws." 

The  occurrence  of  the  "canoe  "  instead  of  the  "  raft  "  (which  is  more 
usual  in  this  Algonkian  myth)  is  noteworthy. 

B. — Another  fragment  tells  of  the  ten  men  who  went  to  visit  "Wi'inT- 
boju'  in  the  land  of  the  sun-down.  When  they  reacheil  it,  after  many 
days'  journeying,  they  found  the  game  so  jileutiful  that  the  porcuiiines 
were  crawling  over  Wanil)6jfi'. 

At  Skugog  the  name  of  the  Algonkian  hero,  variously  known  as  Nani- 
bojfi,  Xanabush,  Manabush,  etc.,  is  pronounced  WarnhnjiV. 

C. — A  very  brief  legend  relates  that  the  "fox-bird,"  known  in  Missis- 
saga  as  a' iiv.k,  was  formerly  a  little  girl  who  lost  herself  in  the  woods  and 
became  a  bird. 

D. — Some   animal    myths   and   Ijcast    fables   are   still   remembered   at 


53 


Skfigog.     One  of  these,  relaliiig  to  the  Rabbit,  the  Frog  and  the  Moose, 
is  as  follows  :  * 

"Tlie  Ilabbit  and  the  Frog  'clubbed  together'  to  kill  the  Moose,  and 
they  did  kill  hiui.  First  the  Frog  tracked  him  and  came  to  tell  the 
Rabbit  the  prospects.  He  said  :  '  It  was  something  very  mysterious  ;  he 
steps  on  every  other  hill.'  Tlien  the  two  went  out  together  and  killed 
the  Moose,  and  they  gathered  the  blood.  Then  the  Rabbit  asked  the 
Frog  what  he  would  do  if  the  'enemy  '  (tiie  Wolf)  came  along.  '  Oh  ! ' 
said  he,  '  I  would  cut  a  liole  in  the  vessel  in  which  the  bloml  is,  and, 
when  it  runs  out,  crawl  into  the  ground."  " 

In  this  curious  myth  the  wolf  is  not  called  by  his  usual  name  (maing- 
gK.n),  but  is  evidently  given  a  figurative  one,  the  signification  of  whicli 
Mrs.  Bolin  did  not  clearly  compreliend.  She  said  the  first  part  of  the 
word  (mi'giMkioniti;)  meant  "a  fish-hook,"  while  the  last  signified  "a 
living  animal."  In  some  other  animal  myths  the  wolf  is  known  as  "  the 
enemy."  "The  frog  is  mighty  clever,"  said  :\Irs.  Bolin  ;  "  he  crawls  in 
and  liides  liimseif  wherever  there  is  moisture."  So  wiicn  the  blood  was 
spilt  the  frog  would  disappear  into  the  ground. 

E.  The  liaci'oo,,  and  the  Cnnrfish^"  Tha  Raccoon  was  very  loud  of 
Crawfish,  so  lie  disguised  himself  to  deceive  them.  He  lay  down  on  the 
lake  shore  and  let  his  tail  and  hind(iuarters  into  the  water.  ]5y  and  bv  a 
Crawfish  came  and  pinched  iiim  to  see  if  he  were  dead,  which  (he  Iliic- 
coon  pretended  to  be,  and  didn't  mind  the  pinches  he  got.  The  Crawfsh 
then  went  away  and  told  the  other  cniwfish  that  he  had  found  the  Ri  c- 
coon  that  had  '  cliewed  '  so  many  of  them  last  summer.  So  more  of  tiiem 
came  and  pinched  the  Haceoon  and  were  very  glad  that  their  enemy  was 
dead.  Rut  by  and  by,  when  a  large  number  of  crawfish  had  gathered 
round  him,  the  Raccoon  suddenly  jumi)ed  up  and  caught  them  and  had 
a  great  feast.  Soon  afterwards  the  IJaccoon  came  across  the  Wolf.  He 
wi'apped  up  some  of  his  own  excrement  very  neatly  and  said  to  the 
Wolf:  'Here  is  something  nice!'  and  the  Wolf  ate  it.  Tiien  the  Rac- 
coon said  to  the  Wolf  'Mawel  you  ate  my  excremen.  I'  At  first  the 
Wolf  did  not  understand  him,  and  the  Raccoon  said  again,  'Mawe  '.  you 
ate  my  excrement.  I  gave  it  you  wrapped  up.'  Then  tlie  Wolf  was  ver- 
angry  and  he  killed  the  Itaccoon." 

In  this  story  also  the  wolf  is  ('ailed  by  another  name  than  that  usuallv 
given  bin).  The  fact  tliat  some  of  the  characters  in  these  animal  stori('S 
bear  names  that  are  now  entirely  ob.solete  in  common  speech,  seems  to 
argue  for  tiiem  a  consideratile  anticpdty. 

At  Skugog,  WanlbojiV  is  sometimes  confounded  with  Wamlciudjakl- 
wi'insl  ("the  great-grandfather,"  as  he  is  often  termed).  Of  the  latter  the 
following  brief  legends  were  told  by  Mrs.  Bolin  : 

F.  Why  Foxes  hn-e  Bl.ick  Z^c/;'''-— "  Wamiciudjaklwansi  did  not  like  his 
son-in-law.     One  day  they  were  out  hunting  together,  and,  when  they 

*Tho  ICiiglisli  versions  are  in  the  narrator's  own  words  witli  a  vorv  low  Krainniatical 
changes  nocessnry  for  the  slmiso.    Tlio  Indian  versions  will  1)0  fonnd  below 
5 


54 


camped,  pltced  their  leggings  and  moccasins  by  tlie  fire  to  dry.  W. 
changed  the  places  of  the  moccasins  and  leggings.  Afterwards  he  threw 
what  he  thought  were  his  son's  moccasins  ;\nd  leggings  into  the  fire.  In  the 
morning  the  young  man  rose,  found  his  own  moccasins  and  put  them  on. 
W.  tried  to  miike  out  that  they  were  his,  but  he  had  forgotten  that  he  had 
changed  the  places  of  the  moccasins  before  he  burned  what  he  thought 
were  his  son's.  So  W.  was  forced  to  go  barefooted  and  barelegged.  He 
then  blackened  his  legs  and  feet  with  a  coal,  and  thus  the  foxes  have 
black  legs  to  this  day." 

O.  Another  legend  of  WamKiudjakiwansT,  current  at  Skugog,  tells 
how  he  abandoned  his  son-in-law  on  an  island  ; 

"  W.  hated  his  son-in-law.  One  day  he  went  witii  him  to  a  little  island, 
and  abandoned  him  there.  W.  tlien  went  olf  in  his  canoe,  wliich  he  used 
to  make  go  witiiout  jiaddling.  IFe  would  lie  upon  his  back  in  the  boat 
and  tap  the  crosspieces  with  his  hands,  making  a  noise  like  pan  !  pan  ! 
and  the  boat  would  go  right  along.  jNIeanwhile  the  son-in-law  had 
changed  himself  into  a  gull,  and,  Hying  over  the  canoe,  dropped  some  of 
his  excrement  on  W.'s  breast.  Tlien  \V.  said,  '  That's  the  way  the  young 
gulls  do  when  they  have  their  l)ellies  full,'  and  went  on  in  liis  canoe.  In 
tlie  meantime  his  son-in-law  made  haste  and  got  home  before  iiim.  When 
W.  arrived  and  saw  his  son-in  law  tliere  he  was  mucli  astonislied  ;  he 
kept  looking  and  looking  at  him  and  when  asked  why  he  w;is  doing  so, 
gave  some  excuse  or  other." 

//.  Anollu!r  character  wiio  figures  in  Mississaga  legend  is  Assi:mo'ki<:n, 
"the  tobacco-maker,"  of  whom  the  following  ^tory  was  related  by  >[rs. 
Bolin  : 

"  Long  ago  there  lived  two  brothers  :  one  of  them  was  a  hunter,  the 
other  was  AssEiiio'kKii  whoalwavs  stiiyed  in  camp  and  did  no  hunting. 
One  day  Assi<;nu")'ki:n  tliought  Ik;  woulil  go  away  on  a  journey  some- 
where or  oth(!r,  and  he  meant  to  tell  his  brother  so  wlien  he  returned  from 
hunting,  but  forgot  about  it.  He  forgot  it  in  this  way  two  or  three  times. 
Finally  he  said:  'I'll  keep  saying,  (iama'dji;  I  gamfi'dji-: !  '  (I'm  going! 
I'm  going  I)  'over  and  over  again  until  my  brotlier  comes.'  So  he  did 
this  a  long  time.  Wlien  his  brother  arrived  he  heard  some  one  saying, 
'(rama'dJK  I  gama'dJK  ! '     IFe  then  saw  his  brother  who  told  him  he  was 


iroing  awav.     'Wliat  do  vou   mean?'   said  he  to   ,\ssKmo'ki';n. 


You 


would  not  go  very  far  before  you  would  me(!t  with  something  to  lead  you 
astray.'  '  Well  !  I'm  going  anyway,'  said  .Vssumo'kKii,  and  lie  went  off. 
Before  long  he  heard  a  noise — tlie  noise  of  trees  rubbing  against  one 
another.  He  thought  it  very  nice,  and  said  :  '  I  want  to  be  that,  let  me 
have  that  I'  But  tlu;  tree  said  :  'Oh  no!  f  am  not  conit'ortable,  it  is  a  biul 
jilace  to  be  in.'  For  wlienever  the  wind  ciune  on,  the  trei^  had  to  siiueak 
and  make  a  noise,  i-iu  !  i-ifi  !  But  .VssKmo'kicn  wonld  have  it  and  took 
the  pla(;e  of  the  tree.  So  the  tree  laj'  on  .Vssinno'kEu's  breast,  and  when 
the  wind  came  he  had  to  cry  out  for  the  pain  he  felt.     But  his  brother 


55 


knew  all  about  it  soon  and  came  after  him.     '  It's  just  as  I  told  you,'  said 
he  to  AssEmo'kEu,  and  released  him. 

"  AssEuio'kEn  went  on  again.  Soon  he  came  to  a  river,  where  l>.e  saw  a 
stick  on  end  in  the  mud,  moving  about  with  the  current  and  making  a 
noise,  lie  thought  that  was  nice,  too,  and  so  he  took  the  place  of  the 
stick.  Ilis  brother  had  to  follow  after  him  and  take  him  out,  but  told  him 
lie  would  not  help  him  agMJu. 

"AssEmo'kEn  vheii  went  on  fuvlher  and  came  to  a  vlH^vge.  ITere  all 
the  people  were  dead  except  two  children — a  little  boy  and  a  lit  le  girl. 
Assiimo'kEn  asked  what  had  happened  to  the  people  who  were  dead. 
The  children,  who  were  lamenting,  told  hiiu  thai  a  wicked  old  woman 
and  her  daughter  had  killed  them.  The  way  she  killed  them  was  this. 
Bhe  had  asked  them  to  get  for  her  the  white  loon  that  dwelt  in  tlu;  middle 
of  the  sea.  Not  one  of  them  was  able  to  do  this,  so  she  killed  them  one 
after  the  other.  The  children  told  AssEmo'kiin  that  the  old  woman  wou'u 
come  back  to  set  them  the  same  task,  and  that  they  would  have  to  i  ;;j 
also.  But  AssEmo'kEn  caught  the  white  loon  and  gave  it  'o  the  cliildren. 
lie  told  them  to  show  it  to  the  old  woman  when  she  came  .nd  to  ask  her, 
if  she  were  able,  to  get  the  chipmunk's  horn,  to  obtain  which  it  w.is  neces- 
sary ;o  go  to  the  end  of  the  earth.  The  old  woman  came  and  the  chil- 
dren showed  lier  the  white  loon,  at  which  she  was  greatly  surprised,  and 
said  that  it  must  have  got  there  itself.  They  tiicii  asked  her  to  get  the 
cliipmunk's  horn,  '  Oh  I  oh  I  you  talk  old-fashioned,'  slie  said,  and  threvv 
down  some  deer's  horns,  pretending  that  they  were  what  was  required. 
As  she  could  not  perform  the  task  AssEmo'kKn  killed  her.  lla  then 
made  a  little  bow  and  arrows  for  the  boy,  ard  told  him  to  shoot  up  in  the 
air  and  tell  the  dead  people  to  rise.  He  shot  into  the  air  three  times,  and 
each  time  he  said  :  'Get  up  !  the  arrow  is  going  to  fall  on  you  ! '  The  first 
time  he  shot  tiie  arrow  into  the  air,  the  people  stirred  a  little  and  began 
to  gape,  and  after  the  third  tiiue  they  rose  up." 

Texts  oi'  ]Mississag.\  Legends. 


A.  FiUKjmenl  of  Dehii/e  Lojcnd. — Opi'diu:  kinuH'ka  onk  Ilfi  a'ki  ogima- 
■wi';ndjii:n  wanil)oji"^i'  awe'ssJa'  ku.  KiliosIa'Kd  imri'i;n  otcinia'ning  ml- 
tHc  kipaki'linEt  irri-ifi  wfuljaeksvicn  wfuljfick  kikwF.k  initKc  ki'bitixl  a'ki 
onindjig. 

B.  Fvdcjinent  of  the  Story  of  the.  Ten  Mm  Who  Veiled  y a luhnju.. — Kim- 
julJEwug  mitaswi  iiiiiiiwi.g  apKnglcimi;k  o'kioiisKwion  kilmi  r\  i'nEt  anda- 
wi'aidjiga'WKn  migko  ima'iiin  papainn'si;nKt  ootlgwaning  wanilioju'. 

(/.  Origin  of  the  Foxliird — .Me'iiwiru  ekwfi'sens  gi'wKn-niinn  mi'li- 
gwadJKkwE  uiitKc  ki''ani':kowiot. 

D.  The  liabbit,  the  Fro;/  and  the  .]/oo!<e. — ()mukKki'di;c  ki'witagicnin 
wabu'son.  Miti';c  omiVkKki  ki'bapamu'sKd  midKc  pKtagiiuiiig  winta- 
niawEd  hriii'i  wabri'>on.  -Manitfi  neme'  Eg  I  a'yKwasiritin  ti';kwEk'. 
MidEC  kinissawKd  mfi'son.     AninggiiiK  kihidjilcigadJE  pi'dJIpa'ItawEd 


56 


mlgiskKnilE  ka'siwEk?     Diibticku'EU  ki'miskwa'pminEii  midi'x  ima'En 
kunitEnissIyri'npEn. 

E.  The  Raccoon  and  the  Crawfish. — Assibi';ntEc  gii'cii  ima'En  di'li- 
pii'-afi  kiawi'kawicimEt.  !Muli';c  win  acKga'cI  mklKc  ki'siiulEkwa'wEtl. 
Ka'windKC  ki'niaiDadji'issi.  Ni'biniing  ki'cfioa'kwa'mina'gopEn  ningl- 
mi'kawa'.  As&ibKii  ni'nindji'biwfi'E  ;  as^ibKii  dji'ljicka'i-;  midKC  ki'wa- 
nickEd  ;  kani'gi  ki;kiniiE  kltfi'nKWKd.  MidKC  ki'nagickawEd  ina'iiig- 
gEiiEn.  Ma'we  !  iiiinfi  kimi'djin  !  gi'wivvEkwO'uuug  wrryus  gitwi'bi:uin. 
Wai  !  -wall  niiiifi  kiuii'djin  !  JMidKC  kini'sin. 

/''.  Why  l-'oxes  have  Blacl.-  Legs. — Midi';c  Wruniciu'-djiikiwansi  aiulE- 
Wi'indjiga'wEn  oninggwaiiEii  niidi':c  kabo'ciwEd.  ]Midi';c  oia'piniii 
O'lUEkussinEii  oiiiuggwEin  olussEii  kayu'lEc.  Midi':c  kijoglcEU  omKUi'is- 
siiiKii  uiiinggwaiiEn  vvi'iiitKC  i'nliu'  o'niEkiisginKn  kijugicEii  i'liiifi'. 
MidKC  ilkKkadJE  ki'sinikwi'iEnung  okating  midi';c  i  in  ki'wagwi'u  iwEt. 
MidKC  lifi  audji  nu'ikalKwanik  an  wagwusb  okadKu. 

G.  ]V(hnlciu''cljdkiicd'nsi  and  His  Son-in-Latr. — "Wamici'frdjaklwa'nsi 
ayacigi'tK  kl'kaneciu  pKkitfi'-ouk  O'lcima'n  pEii  !  pKii  1  pEii  I  tcinia'n. 
Kaijockons  niidKC  kimilcini'gKt.  ^lisikwu  adjitc  igEWKd  ka'ryockkoii- 
sEg  katEpi'ssi  niwatciii.  Kfiwin  okiii"niiivv(''iiimasin  uiiingg\vaiii:ii ;  oki- 
iiKkEUKU  miiucG'ning.  UgibiskawKn  i'lriifi  ka'iyocUonsEii  wi'nilKin 
dEC  gi'tigucin. 

II.  AssK7iio'/,En  and  Jlis  Brother.  Adtso'kKn  (a  Tale). — (ii'tnwKg  AssE- 
nio'ivKn  \vi'djilv\vr'''i  Eu  mitKc  aiulawKudJige'iiEt  wi'djikwL' i-i:n  wiiidO'- 
cei6  aya'pit  AssEmo'kEii.  O'giinikwandKii  wima'dJKd.  Upi' dEc  i)KtE 
gwiciiiEt  wi'djik\V('''i'Eii  u'giwuiiandEn  tci'windamawial  winiu'dJKd 
IKkatKC  lui'nawa  pKlKgwi'xiiig  niii  gama'dJK.  ]\Ik1kc  upKiriiH  kfiiki- 
t6'*yEn  gama'dJE  1  gauui'dJE  I — Ic6  I  Ice  I  aniua  gi'ia'i'djili';  wibi';sa\viiig 
gi'tawrd)KiidEn  kc'gt)  kawi'adji'iiiiko'dJKn. — E!  gaiiia'djE  sa'kuii  !  a  afi 
lufi'djEu.  Kawin  \va'sK  kadja'si  dji'wabKudEmKii  ke'go. — SobakwKt 
o'giwabKiidKn.  TagEuinilEin.  Aafi  kawin  kocke  niiiiiniwfi'si'tii  frui'- 
djaayayEii.  ^IkIkc  in'ipakEin  nia'nima'tinik  uiidKC  C'eiiweI  iifi  !  iifi  ! 
bke  1  gi'tanu'sE  iiiininabKn  dJicaya'yEm  iiiica'dji  ini'nawa  kinifi'dJKd 
AssEUio'kKn.  MuIkc  a'dji  nn'nawa  ki'biiiia'bid  si'biiig  \val)KiidKii-iui'dKk 
I'll  iifi  niiiig  tacina'taniiiik.  A  I  lagEiiiaitEin.  A'fifi  I  kdcke  niminiwa- 
si'^i.  OI  o!  icaidja'dJKii  kfiwintKc  ini'nawa  gila'bi  \vi't()k\v6siiiKn.  M\. 
dKc  ki'ulicwKd  kKkinuE  ka'nipu'wakri'panen  nicc'lT' abino'dJivEg.  O'ki- 
kokwc'djnnKii  anindEc  kfulo'vvEd  Okokri'nipfi'djik.  Miiulini5''i'ec  kfi'-yO 
otfi'nEn.  Muii'.c  okn  eUilEd  na'nik  fro  wa'bnnank  a'goniEd  ima'-En 
gigitciiiJi'ming.  ^Sluiawa'go  wi'biiigwucin  niiiKC  ki;''ineg  gi'liinanE  kung 
wiuuiE  kin  aO  gitc'oggwinggwis  eckiin.  Lm\  Iifi!  kakitE  wi'djicwa'- 
wEk  ablnu'djiyKg  ka'nawi'nE  d'gi'olissiko'isi  wa'tilk^nEn  AssEmo'kEn. 
Wawa'cgac  rckEnEu  o'kiopKginEn.  Kawiu  fro  !  wa'wai'sE  wa'bimank. 
MidKC  ki'adji'lawEd  mi'ligwa'bisEn  ka''ye  pikwEkons  inc  anicpeming 
owi'tEii  gi'kai'kit  gi'kfri'kit  gibitcino'nim  ouickEg  !  gibitcino'nim  onic- 
kEg  !  gibltciuo'nim  onicksg  1     Ki'wonickawKgidKC. 


57 


A.  DiincAng  Song. — 

B.  Raven  Song. — 


Songs. 

E-yo-ko-6!     E-yo-k6-6!  etc. 
Kakaki  wa'wiwlsiniWEg 
AnUm'ilin^nggii. 
"The  Ravens  are  feediii";  on  the  hillside." 


C.  White  Bone  Song. —  Kilci  INLo'komKn  oduda'nong 

AVasIginecInun. 
"In  the  town  of  the  Americans  the  white  bones  lie.' 

D.  Wdrrior's  Purling  Song. — Gfigo  nifiwimerlkKn 

EkwawiyanE  niboyauE. 
"Do  not  weep  woman  at  our  death." 


E.  Low  Song. — 


F.  Lo\'e  Song. — 


JIakatavv{inikwri'i)Kn 
Kwa  wisi  wa  \v  it  ika  makwTp  i:n . 
"I  wanted  to  marry  a  black-haired  girl." 

^fakatawfi'kamikwfi'pEn 
KwawisivvawiiikamakwiiiEn. 
"I  wanted  to  marry  a  black-eyed  girl." 


These  songs  were  obtained  by  the  writer  at  Skiigog  from  Na'wigicko'ke 
(see  \\\?,oJoorn.  of  Anier.  Folk-Lore,  iii,  pp.  153,  153). 
For  comparison  the  following  may  be  cited  ; 

O.  Hunter's  Song. — Geo.  Copway  gives  this  hunter's  song  of  the  Mis 
sissagas  of  Rice  Lake  in  his  Life,  p.  ;34  : 

Ah  yah  ba  wall,  ne  gab  me  koo  nah  vah  ! 
Ah  yah  wa  seeh,  ne  gah  me  koo  nah  vah. 
"The  fattest  of  all  bucks  I'll  take, 
The  choicest  of  all  animals  I'll  take." 


II.     In 

sings  the 
deceive  : 


the  Naniboju' story  furnished  tho  writer  by  >Ir.  Salt,  the  hero 
following  song  to  tlie  assembled  waterfowls  whom  he  intends  to 

Pa-zang-wn-be  she-moog, 
Pazang-wa-be-she-moog, 
Pa-zang-wa-be-shenioog. 
Ke-ku-ma-mesgue-she-gwam 
Ke-ku-ma-nie-sgue  she-gwam, 
Ke-ku-ma  me-sgue-she-gwam, 
Au-yun-ze-kwa-gau, 
Au-yun-ze-kwa-gau. 
"Shut  your  eyes  and  dance  ;  if  you  open  your  eyes, 
Your  eyes  will  become  red." 


58 


In  the  Toronto  MS.  the  following  songs  (cf.  Journ.  of  Amer.  FolkLore, 
1,  159)  occur,  which  I  tnmscribe  lilenilly  : 

I.  Chiinson  du  wabiino 

oukaqui  (jUii  nii»ouniin 
quilicog  inanilou-ou  (I5is) 

t;int  qu'on  vuut 

En  Fnui^ois 
Lc'S  Dieux  disenl  que  nous  niourourons 

un  jour  (IJis). 

J.  Autre  de  wabano  (V) 

oukimacoue  he  he  coua  ni 
soucoutinicouyee  (oukima  uini  sauan 

4  Bis)  En  Fran(jois 
La  reine  a  deu\  maris 
el  nous  tuons  son  nuiris  (4  Bis) 
oui  you  ya  oiii  ja  lia  (iJis  tant  qu'on  veut). 

K.  Chanson  d'amour 

ouika  tatacouchin  nini  niouchen-lien 
J'esii(Te  de  te  voir  hientot  nia  mattresse. 

L.  Autre  de  chasse 

wagououine  h<5  i!  a  les  cornes  de  tnivLers]  (Bis) 
jManitou  ouistouija  oui  ha  ha 
Lc  forgeron  est  un  diable. 

J/.  Chanson 

ya  ninji'ue  cone  (luiouejiinan 

Ninguiscionii'  je  luets  le  Ciel  sens  dessus  dessous. 

Tlie  words  used  in  all  these  songs  do  not  appear  to  dill'er  from  those 
used  in  common  speech. 


Titir.AL  AND  Ethnic  jSTames. 

Ati'c  ("Elk").     The  name  of  the  chief  totem  of  the  Indians  of  Skfigog. 

Kili'hiio'koii'Ki'.  An  "  American."  Tiiis  name  which  literally  signifies 
"big  knife,"  is  said  to  have  been  given  on  account  of  the  "swords  " 
of  the  American  soldiers. 

Muisa'cjc,  \      The  Indians  of  Skfigog,  according  to  the  chiefs  niece,  call 

Mixisa'gl.  )  themselves  "  ^Mississagas  of  tin;  Otcipwe  nation."  When 
asked  about  the  meaning  of  the  term  ^lislsa'gi,  Osawanimi'ki  said  it 
signifies  "manj'  mouths  of  rivers."  Xa'vvigickokc,  however,  thought 
it  meant  "large  mouth  of  river."  Mr.  Salt  informed  the  writer  that 
the  word  is  in  Indian  pronounced  "minzezagee, "  in  the  plural,  "min- 
zezageeg,"  the  latter  of  which   signifies    "people  who  inhabit  the 


59 


country  where  there  are  many  mouths  of  rivers"  (Juurn.  of  Am. 
Folk-Lore,  i,  1")0).  Geo.  Copway,  who  was  a  Mississaga,  says  (Life, 
History,  etc.,  p.  l:?)  :  "The  Ojebways  arc  called  here,  and  all  around, 
Ma^sissaugays,  because  they  came  from  Me-sey  Fali^ieuij,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Huron,  as  you  go  ui>  to  Sault  Ste.  !>rarie  Falls."  The  llov. 
Peter  Jones,  who  freciuently  speaks  of  the  "  ]\Iessissauga  tribe  of  the 
Ojebway  nati(ui,"  stales  that  "the  claa  or  tribe  with  whom  I  have 
been  brouiiiit  uo  is  c;illed  Messissauga,  which  signifhis  eagle  tribe, 
their  ensign  or  toodaim  being  that  of  the  eagle"  {lli^t.  of  Ojebway 
Indians,  p.  234 ;  see  also  138,  1G4).  But  in  this  statement  he  appears 
to  have  been  led  away  by  false  etymological  analogies.  In  the 
manuscript  in  the  Toronto  Public  Library  is  the  following  : 

"Descriptions  dts  tvibnts  des  Snnvages  hnrons  snvoir  totoim  tribuf. 

Niguic  couasquidzi  tribut  de  la  loutre. 

Passinassi  "        "   "  grue. 

Atay6tagami  "      du  caribou. 

Oupapinassi  ••        "  brochet. 

Ouasce  souanan  ccorce  de  IJouleau. 

Missigomid/i  chcne  blanc. 

Mississagui  tribut  de  I'Eigle." 

The  eagle  was  the  principal  totem  with  tlie  Mississagas  of  the 
region  around  York  (now  Toronto),  but  the  tribal  name  lias  nothing 
to  do  with  the  word  for  eagle.  The  Mississagas  are  no  doubt  in- 
cluded with  the  llurons  in  the  Toronto  MS.,  because  of  their  alliance 
with  the  8ix  Nations  in  174(i.  .Schoolcr:ift  {Avch.  of  Abor.  Knoicl.,  i, 
p.  30C)  saj's  that  the  word  Mississagie  is  "an  Algonquin  phrase  for  'a 
wide-mouthed  river.'  ''  The  components  of  the  name,  in  any  case,  are 
the  radicals  niici,  "  great  (nianj' ".'),"  and  >i<'i'[jl,  "mouth  of  a  river." 

Nii'li'nci  (snake?).  An  L'o(]Uois.  This  is  the  name  given  by  the  Missis- 
sagas, Otcipvve,  Xipissings,  etc.,  to  the  ^[ohawks  and  Iroquois.  Tlie 
corresponding  word  in  Cree  is  natoiceir,  connected  perhaps  with  the 
root  m'lt,  "  to  seek,  to  go  after."  In  Nipissing  and  Otcipwc,  natowe 
and  nadoire  mean  a  large  serpent,  the  flesh  of  which  was  formerly 
eaten  by  the  Indians,  according  to  Cuoq.  The  transfer  of  the  name 
to  their  enemies,  the  Iroquois,  is  easlh^  understood.  This  fact  may 
have  some  bearing  upon  the  etymology  suggested  for  the  word  "Iro- 
quois" by  ]\Ir.  Hewitt  {Amer.  Anthrop.,  Vol.  i,  p.  181)). 

Odickici('g¥.iiri.  According  to  Mrs.  Boliu,  this  is  the  name  by  which  the 
^lississagas  were  known  in  fornujr  times  when  they  dwelt  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  She  thought  it  signified  "people  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Lake."  The  Rev.  E.  F.  Wilson  (.lA'/z.  of  Ojebio. 
J.anrj.,  p.  157)  gives  (^f/w/^ryvrtZiry^/z^wee  as  denoting  "Algonquin  Indi- 
ans." Cuoq  {Lex.  AUj.,  p.  314)  cites  otickwitij((nii  ns  the  name  of  the 
Nipissing  Indians.  He  explains  the  word  as  ot-ickwa  kami,  "la 
dernicrc  elendue  d"eau  "  {i.e.,  Lake  Nipissing),  from  the  prefix  ot-. 


an 


60 


ickwu-  (end),  r/az/a*  (body  of  water).  Baraga  gives,  in  Otcfpwo, 
odishkwdgaini,  "Algonquin  Indian."  Cuoq's  etymology  is  not  satis- 
factory,  and  since  we  find  in  C'ree  the  radical  ottixknir,  "on  face,  vis- 
II  vis,"  it  would  seem  that  a  derivation  from  the  cognate  of  tills  latter, 
and  the  radical  sullLv  -gijiit  or  <jd'iHi  (body  of  water)  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred. 

(Jtripa-i .  This  name  is  spelled  in  a  multitude  of  ways  by  various  writers 
(Cliippeway,  Chepeway,  Ojibway,  Ojebway,  C'hepway,  etc.).  The 
etymology  of  the  word  is  very  uncertain.  Haraga  writes  it  Otchipwe, 
but  does  not  suggest  a  derivation.  Cuocj,  whose  ortliography  is 
OiJjtbwe,  saya  tliat  some  would  derive  the  name  from  the  roots  odji, 
"to  suck  up  "  (huiner),  and  abwe,  the  signification  being  "liumeurs 
de  bouillon,"  but  there  appears  to  be  nothing  to  support  tliis.  Other 
equally  unsatisfactory  etymologies  have  been  put  forward. 

PotEicd'tKml.  The  name  given  to  tliis  tribe  of  Indians  appears  to  be 
derived  from  the  radical  po'Utwc,  "to  build  a  fire." 

('dgK)wc.  Englishman.  INIrs.  Bolin  thought  that  tliis  word  signified 
"sail  around  tlie  world  ;"  this  idea  was  no  doubt  iiuluced  by  the 
termination  -or  "sailing."  Cuoq,  however,  is  probably  right  in 
considering  this  and  cognate  Algonkian  words  as  corruptions  of  the 
Frencli  (Oiglais. 

Wi'i'blgKu  ("white  clay  "),  the  totem  of  Gvvinggwic,  one  of  the  two  first 
settlers  on  Skugog  Island. 

Wo'tnitigucl.  The  origin  of  this  word,  which  corresponds  to  the  Nipissing 
iceinitigoji,  Otcipwe  treiintigoji,  Cree  iremistikojiir,  is  not  certain. 
Mrs.  Bolin  said  it  meant  "carries  a  trunk,"  and  referred  to  tlie  early 
French  traders.  Its  components  would  in  that  case  be  fn-,  mitiy, 
■irac  ("hollow,"  in  Nipissing). 

Place  Names. 


The  names  of  tlie  various  lakes,  rivers,  etc.,  in  the  region  known  to  the 
Mississagas  of  Skugog,  as  far  as  the  writer  was  able  to  obtain  them,  were 
as  follows  : 

Asdgfi'lkv.n  (i.  e.,  "lake  ").     Some  of  the  Indians  call  l^ake  Skugog  thus. 

Ecuniong  ii.  c,  "  place  of  calling").  Name  given  to  LakeSimcoe.  The 
following  is  the  origin  of  the  term  according  to  Na'wigickoke  :  A  long 
time  ago,  when  tlie  Mississagas  used  to  live  on  tiic  points  of  land  in 
Lake  Sinicoe,  a  man  heard  a  voice,  as  if  some  one  were  calling  a  dog. 
It  was  a  calm  day,  and  although  he  looked  carefullj'  around  he  could 
see  no  one,  but  heard  the  voice  only.  So  the  lake  was  named  Ecu- 
niong, "the  ]»lace  of  the  calling."  The  word  is  derived  from  the 
radical  vxit,  "to  call,  to  speak  to,"  through  the  extended  form,  Mcuni ; 
-ong  is  locative  suffix.  In  the  early  English  records  of  the  settlement 
of  Ontario  this  name  appears  in  variously  disguised  forms. 


01 


<Cimung.  This  name  is  sometimes  used  by  the  Indians  (very  often  by  the 
whites)  to  denote  the  body  of  water  known  to  the  wliites  as  Mud 
Lake.  It  would  seem  to  be  a  corru|)t  form  o(  trimoDg  ("  \)hico  of 
canoes  "),  from  (ciin/ni,  "canoe,"  with  the  locative  sulllx. 

Ki'iwdhon'ikoiig  ("place  of  the  edible  moss").  Name  given  to  Stony 
Lake,  ill  the  upper  ))  )rlion  of  the  Otonabee.  It  is  so  named  from  the 
"edible  moss"  that  grows  upon  the  stones  and  rocks  in  that  rejj;ion 
(the  well-known  "tripe  de  roche").  The  radical  of  the  word  is 
W(~i'kon,  "tripe  de  roche,  edible  moss."  Kn  is  verbal  i)refix  ;  -oufi, 
locative  sutli.x. 

Eitc'irjil'ining  ("at  the  great  water  ").  This  name  is  applied  by  the  Mis- 
sissagas  of  Skfigog  to  Lakes  Simcoe,  Ontario,  Huron  and  Superior. 
Lake  Superior  is  also  spcc'ially  named  Oti'ipir<-  Kiti'iijo  ihIikj,  because 
it  is  "the  lake  of  the  OtcipwO, "  and  the  rcji;ion  about  it  has  been  long 
inhabited  by  them.  The  radicals  of  the  word  are  hitn,  "great,"  and 
the  suHix,  -ga  ml,  ajiplied  to  a  "body  of  water"  and  used  only  in 
composition. 

Jll'djUaiiiing  ("the  place  of  the  fish  fence  "),  This  name  given  to  the 
"Narrows  "  of  Lake  Simcoe  recalls  the  notice  in  Cliamplain  of  the 
"fish  fence."  The  Indians  used  to  drive  stakes  into  the  water  at  this 
])oint  so  as  to  make  a  "  fence  "  and  stop  the  tish.  The  radical  of  the 
word  \s  mVilfikKn,  "a  fence." 

Jlinis  ("island").  Skrij;'og  Island  is  generally  thus  termed  by  the 
Indians. 

J^(i'me8(~igd"ikKn  ("Sturgeon  Lake").  The  Indii'n  name  is  translated  in 
the  name  given  to  this  body  of  water  by  ihe  whites,  "Sturgeon 
Lake." 

jVonkon,  or  iiiinis-~i-ii6nkon.  The  name  of  a  portion  of  Skiigog  Island 
which,  in  former  times,  was  itself  a  separate  island.  Mrs.  Bolin 
stated  that  the  word  meant  "woods  all  in  one  spot."  The  ladical  of 
the  word  is  probably  non.  "contracted,  compressed." 

Otcipwc  KitcKjaiiiing.     Lake  Superior.     See  Kitclgd'ming. 

Odfi'nK  ("town,  village  ").  This  is  the  name  given  to  the  adjacent  town 
of  Port  Perr}-.     Toronto  is  called  gi'r,'  othl'uv.,  "  big  town." 

Oto'nd'bl  ("mouth  water  ").  The  name  of  the  upjier  course  of  the  river 
Trent,  known  to  the  whites  as  Otonabee.  The  ai>plication  of  the  name 
is  not  clear,  but  it  is  wrongly  said  to  have  been  given  on  account  of  the 
broad  expanse  of  Rice  Lake,  into  which  the  river  flows.  In  some 
Algonkian  dialects  of  the  Lake  Superior  region  this  name  is  given  to 
the  fish  known  scientifically  as  the  Corcgonns  (inadr  Hater  alls,  and 
reapi>ears  in  the  term  toulibi,  or  tulUbee,  applied  by  the  French  and 
English  settlers  in  the  Canadian  Northwest  to  the  same  fish. 

J'akljv.kfVckhri'i'kong.  The  old  Indian  name  of  Skfigog  Lake.  Before 
the  Government  dams  were  erected,  some  years  ago,  the  lake  was 
very  shallow  and  muddy.  Mrs.  Bolin  explained  the  name  as  signi- 
fying "a  low,  shallow,  muddy  place."     One  of  the  Indians,  who  had 


62 


forjiotlcii  most  of  his  molht'i' tongue,  Ciilled  tho  hikii  pvjJjogKii  «/7'mk- 
pof/,  and  it  would  scum  tliat  in  the  present  name  Si<ri,u;og  we  liavM;  all 
ot  llie  Indiiin  iii>i)e]iiition  tiiiU  impressed  ilsell'  upon  tiie  memory  of 
llie  European  Emigrants.  The  etymology  of  tiie  name  Is  seen  from 
the  cognate  Otcipwe  ajixldiirikd,  "it  is  muddy, "  from  the  radical 
(ijinJiki,  "  mud  ;  "   -oiij/  is  locative  sutlix. 

Pa' mitiUkwo' tiiyoag .  The  name  given  by  the  Indians  to  llice  Lake,  which 
body  of  water  received  this  last  name  from  tin;  whites  by  reason  of 
the  wild  rice  in  which  it  abounds.  Mrs.  Rolin  explained  the  term  as 
signifying  "across  the  prairies,  or  burnt  lands,"  saying  that  on  look- 
ing across  the  lake  from  the  Indian  camping  ground  one  could  see  the 
])rairies.  This  explanation  is  somewhat  doubtful.  In  the  region  of 
Peterborough  the  old  name  is  believed  to  have  meant  "lake  of  the 
burning  plains."  The  word  maj'  be  derived  from  jhi'nat,  "across," 
and  iiK'iKh'iita,  "|)rairie,"  with  the  locative  sutlix,  -oiuj. 

Po'trnjii'iiiiKj.  A  name  given  to  the  town  of  Lindsay  and  also  to  a  place 
nearby  where  there  are  "rapids"  in  the  river.  Said  to  mean  "at 
the  rapids." 

C'l'c'ibi~i'(i;/ir,  'i/o/ifj.  Tlie  name  given  by  most  of  the  Indians  to  Cimung 
or  Mud  Lake.  ^Irs.  Bolin  e.xi)lained  that  the  word  signilled  "place 
of  many  inlets  and  outlets,  with  junctions."  The  first  component 
seems  to  be  a  derivative  of  the  radical  ('Icrt,  "long."  Com|>are  the 
Otcip'.ve  nin  jishibiijibiitd,  "  I  stretch  something  out  in  every  direc- 
tion." 


NaMKS   of    MYTlIOLORtOVfi    ClI.MlVCTKRS    AND    ObJKCTS. 


The  principal  characters  who  tigure  in  the  mythology  of  the  Mississagas 
of  Skugog,  as  far  as  the  writer  had  opportunity  to  investigate,  are  : 

Asswnd'kKii.  An  individual  whom,  Mrs.  Bolin  said,  "made  tobacco;" 
but  in  what  way,  or  when,  she  could  not  say.  He  "  was  not  a  very 
clever  or  bright  man,"  but  "knew  enough  to  make  tobacco."  lie  is 
the  principal  figure  in  a  "younger  brother"  story  and  resembles  one 
of  the  characters  in  the  mythology  of  the  New  York  Iroquois.  Ilis 
name  signifies  "tobacco-maker."  The  radical  is  sc'niE,  nssr.'niE, 
"tobacco." 

A/iKk.  The  bird  known  as  "  fox-bird  "  by  tlie  residents  in  the  vicinity  of 
Skugog  is  really,  according  to  Indian  belief,  a  little  girl  who  got  lost 
in  the  woods  and  vva3*nietamorphosed  into  this  creature. 

Asaibnn.  Tlie  raccoon  figures  an  emblem  of  cunning  and  deceit  in  the 
widespread  myth  of  the  "Raccoon  and  Crasvflsh,"  which  has  its  ana- 
logues far  without  the  limits  of  Algonkian  tale-lore.  He  is  the 
deceiver  of  the  crawfish  (on  which  he  feeds)  and  of  the  wolf  who 
finally  kills  him. 

Acagdce.     The  crawfish  figures  as  the  victim  of  the  raccoon. 


63 


Oilj'ikEwc'i.  The  littlo  "  chickadee  "  is  a  purveyor  of  news  luul  jjooil 
advice  to  men. 

Mt'i'tilu.  Tlie  name  ,u;ivoii  by  the  Iii(liiin8lo  "suiieniiiliiral  beiiifis,"  nood 
or  bad.  Tiie  appellations  G'lta  Mihu'/fi  ((lod)  and  Mt'ih-i,  Mi'tnitu 
Cdevil)  h.ive  been  fixed  by  tiie  inlliience  of  tli(i  missionaries. 

Mi'i'ir'c.  This  name  Cnot  now  in  use)  is  given  to  the  wolf  in  some  of  llie 
old  tales.  Usually  he  bears  his  own  mwwQ,  iiiii'ing-<iKn.  It  resembles 
inowwhdow,  ihe  ]\Ienominec  name  for  that  animal.  Schoolerafl  also 
mentions  a  similar  term  apidied  to  tin;  wolf  in  Ojebway  mythology. 
In  the  Mississaga  story  of  tlie  raceooii  and  IIh;  crawtisii,  tiie  wolf, 
l)eing  insulted  and  deceived  by  the  raccoon,  iiills  him.  In  some 
stories  the  wolf  is  termed   "the  enemy." 

.l/i;// (/(?'//( //I  ("seed  of  mysterious  origin").  Tiie  ^lississaga  story  re- 
corded in  Ihe  Jo'irniil  of  Aineriean  Folk-Lore,  i,  p.  14:1,  explains  the 
signitioance  of  this  name.  Tlie  corn  appears  as  if  in  tlic  form  of  an 
old  man  to  a  fasting  Indian  boj'. 

M'tniUmo'-i  vc  {"i\\(i  bad  old  woman").  Appe;us  as  a  task-setter  in  the 
AssEmCkicn  story. 

J7(v«8  C" eater?").  In  Mississaga  legend  the  moose,  who  is  descril)ed  as 
"stepping  on  every  other  hill,"  is  killed  by  the  rabbit  and  the  frog. 

Ogicnigr/iris.  In  llie  AssEiiio'kEn  legend  one  of  the  tasks  set  the  "bad 
old  woman"  is  to  fetch  the  "cliipmunk's  horn,"  f/Uci  ogw'uifjfjwis 
r.ckv.ii.      Ocjtrinf/iris  is  the  ordinary  name  of  this  animal. 

OmukvM  ("the  hairless?").  Helps  the  rabbit  to  kill  the  moose.  Is  de- 
scribed as  being  able  to  sink  into  the  ground.  The  frog  and  the  toad 
( p('(p'i,;/oiiniki:ki)  are  confused  with  each  other.  In  the  legend  of  llie 
C'Ingibis,  the  "old  toad  woman,"  who  appears  frequently  in  Algon- 
kian  mythology,  steals  children  (Jonrn.  of  Anwr.  Folk-Lore,  ii,  145). 
This  woman  is  calhxl  oiKvkv.k!  sometimes. 

Ott'iiuu  ("heart  fruit").  Tliis  fruit  ligures  in  mythology.  It  lies  in  the 
path  of  those  who  visit  the  other  world,  and  if  they  partake  of  it  not 
they  must  return  hither  (Jonrn.  Aoicr.  Folk-Lore,  i,  144). 

C'lngibis.  The  duck  known  as  the  "hell-diver"  ligures  as  the  would-be 
counterfeiter  of  the  loon  in  the  story  of  the  ciiigibis  (/.  of  A.  F.-L., 
ii,  144). 

Wi'i'himt'i'nk  ("white  Icon").  One  of  the  tasks  which  the  "bad  old 
woman  "  sets  is  to  fetch  the  "white  loon  that  dwells  in  the  midst  of 
the  sea."     The  loon  {.nank)  appears  in  other  stories. 

Wohus  ("the  little  white  one  ").  Together  with  the  frog,  the  rabbit  kills 
the  moose. 

Wil' m'lgi' sv.kv.n.  This  character,  whose  name  ]\Irs.  Holin  rendered  as 
"the  great  i)earl  chief,"  figures  in  the  story  of  the  cingibis.  He 
api)cars  to  be  the  loon  personified.  Mrs.  Bolin  said  that  this  name 
was  formerly  given  to  that  bird  on  account  of  the  spots  on  its  breast, 
■which  resembled  "  pearl  beads."  The  radical  of  the  word  is  mi'gis, 
"  wampum." 


CM 


NH 


64 


Wd'imnmljI'ik'iirniis'i  (etymology?).  This  character,  who  is  styled  the 
"  great-grandfather,"  is  sometimes  confused  with  Wdnlbhju,  or  Ndnt- 
hoju.  lie  figures,  together  with  his  son  in  law  (whom  he  hates  and 
endeavors  to  destroy)  in  several  stories  (-/.  of  A.  F.-L.,  ii,  146  ;  iii, 
lol).     The  exact  signification  of  his  name  is  not  certain. 

Wuinhoju  {vXyn\o\o^yt).  The  great  Algonkian  hero-god,  Ndinboju,  is 
called  thus  at  Skugog.     He  figures  in  several  legends. 

Windiijii  (etymology.').  A  giant  cannibal,  who  figures  in  the  mythology 
of  several  Algonkian  tribes. 

ydiiti'.  The  "sturgeon"  figures  in  connection  with  the  "Milky  Way." 
Mrs.  15olin  explained  the  Mississaga  name  of  this  portion  of  the 
heavens  as  signifying  "sturgeon  poking  his  nose  and  making  '  rily  ' 
water."  The  word  is  derived  from  iidiii.?,  "sturgeon,"  pdkwe'blkd'ini, 
"it  is  turbid  " — nd'/ni'pakwf'blkEiitl'tdwKt. 

Odjig.  The  fisher,  or  peknit,  lias  given  his  name  to  the  constellation 
known  as  the  "  l)i|)per, "  or  •'  Great  Bear." 

MVrVnc'i.  The  "  lion,"  a  mythic  monster,  which,  according  to  Mississaga 
legend,  lived  at  tlie  Narrows  of  Lake  Simcoe,  and  to  wliich  sacrifices 
Mere  made.  The  word  seems  to  be  derived  from  una,  "great,"  and 
p'/rVii,  "lynx." 

Wddjdck.  The  muskrat  figures  in  the  Deluge  legend,  bringing  u\)  from 
tiie  bottom  of  the  deep  the  little  bit  of  earth  with  which  Waniboji'i' 
makes  the  new  world. 

Od-yock.  The  son-in-law  of  Wd' iHicluilJdktird nsl  assumes  the  form  of  a 
"  gull  "  in  order  to  reach  h'Mne  before  him. 

Personal  Xames. 

Name  feasts  were  held  by  the  Mississagas  in  the  olden  times  and  names 
were  given  in  various  ways  (Amrr.  Journ.  of  Folk-Lore,  i,  \')'l  ;  iii,  149). 
Tiie  personal  names  which  have  come  under  the  observation  of  the  writer 
are  : 

Asd'bKiiiDi!/  ("stars  in  a  clustei  ").  The  name  of  Atell,  one  of  the  Indi- 
ans at  Skfigog.  The  radicals  from  which  this  word  is  derived  are 
nsan,  "gathered  together,  pressed,"  and  and n;/  or  nnuiu/,  "star." 

Gitcibint 'r  {"h\gh'm\").  The  Indian  name  of  Chief  .Tohnson  of  the 
Skugog  Mississagas.     From  i/itrl,  "big,"  [un\  bini'm,  "bird." 

Oicini/j/rir  ("  meat-bird,"  or  "  butcher  bird  ").  One  of  the  two  first  set- 
tlers on  Skfigog  Island,  and  belonging  to  the  Clay  totem. 

Mv.scnii  (etymology?).  The  Indian  name  of  Patoc,  the  chief  of  the  Rice 
Lake  Mississagas. 

Ndij^n  (etymology'?).  Name  of  tlie  uncle  of  .Tohii  liolin,  a  farmer  chief 
of  the  .Mississagas  of  Mud  Lake. 

iVV^//'(«/ac(.?  ("the  sun  at  noon").  Wife  of  Chief  Johnson.  The  radical 
of  the  word  is  nmr  "in  the  middle  of;"  the  word  comes  more 
directly  from  ndicdkwK,  "it  is  noon;"  -ens  is  probably  diminutive 
sufiix. 


65 


Na'wvjicl-o'ke  ("the  sun  in  the  centre  of  the  sky  woman  ").  The  Indian 
name  of  ^Irs.  Bolin,  the  most  interesting;  Indian  in  the  Sliugog  settle- 
ment. Siie  is  somewhat  over  sixty  years  of  age  and  knows  probably 
as  much  as,  if  not  more  than,  any  one  else  there.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  iKUD,  "  in  the  middle  of,"  gVcik,  "sky,"  and  -"/>  :  i'l.wc, 
"  woman." 

Xi'nrt'i/.irEhKiii  ("middle  tluinder").  Name  of  Mrs.  IJolin's  second  son. 
Children  were  frequently  named  after  tlie  "thunders,"  or  "thunder- 
birds."  The  word  is  derived  from  ///'"vJ/vn;,  and  a  sufllx,  of  which 
exact  meaning  is  doubtful. 

yi'binonaf.wEt  ("  summer  cloud ").  An  old  Indian  who,  many  years 
ago,  lived  near  Lake  Simcoe.  lie  was  known  to  the  English  as 
"  Shilling,"  on  account  of  a  medal  which  he  wore.  The  radicals  of 
the  word  are  ut'hin,  "summer,"  and  ('inal.icvJ,  "cloud."  In  the  MS. 
in  the  Toronto  Public  Library,  the  name  yiplnditnconat,  evidently 
identical  with  this,  occurs. 

Nikfi  ("  wild  goose  ").  One  of  the  two  brothers-in-law,  who  were  the 
first  settlers  on  Skfigog  Island.     He  belonged  to  the  (itik  (elk)  totem. 

Ni'cki'his  ("young  lion  ").     Name  of  .Mrs.  liolin's  youngest  son. 

y<)n(>/,i'i'iit'/:irii  ( "  hiMuming-bird  woman").  Name  given  to  a  yoiuig 
Indian  girl  by  Mrs.  Bolin,  who  acted  as  name  giver.  The  word  is 
composed  of  tiundh^'xl,  "hummingbird,"  and  ikirn,  "wonnm.  ' 

O'lliiiKi'hIiir'i-i  ("  chief  bird  ").  The  Indian  name  of  John  Bolin,  hus- 
band of  Na'wigicko'ke.  lie  belonged  formerly  to  the  3Iud  Lake 
Mississagas.     From  "','////m>,  "clii(>f,''  ^'«' '<''.  "bird." 

Oiiilti'si</v:  ("moon  in  last  quarter").  Name  of  Eliol,  one  of  the  oldest 
Indians  at  Skfigog.  The  conqionents  of  this  word  are  the  radical 
prefix  and-,  "change,"  and  usii/ii,  from  the  radical  -cS-  "sun, 
moon." 

Oiuhi'xinmis  (etymology.').  Name  of  the  wife  of  the  chief's  brother 
Chauncey  Johnson. 

OsmrKa'p  ("yellow  duck").     Name  of  an  old  Indian  of  Lake  Simcoe. 

From  "xa'irK,  "it  is  yellow."  ami  ftcij),  "diicii.  ' 
Usi'iiranEiii)'/,/  ("yellcv  thunder").      Name   of   an    Indian,    who    was 
formerly  a  schoolteacher  there.     The  word  is  derived   frou)  ^sa'/rK, 
"it  is  yellow,"  and  <i>iK/iit'/,t,   "thunder."    The  name  is  ;ilso  pro- 
iu)unced  it'sinrdiriiin'hi. 

/V,r/,/(v,/^',v,'/(i'','<//w// ("  moon  when  shining  ").  Name  of  son  of  the  Kliot 
mentioned  aijove. 

iyi'iiii</i'i</i/ir('ic/.K/ii.  The  name  '.onferred  upon  the  writer  by  ^Irs.  Bolin, 
who  stated  that  it  signified  "sun  bringing  the  day."  Hev.  I'.  Jones 
( /-iff  (ind  Journals,  p.  '24('))  mentions  an  old  chief  o""  ""'ilpole  Island, 
nanu'd  Pdzhehtzhikgnaiihl.uiii  ;  perhaps  the  same  word. 
Sii'i/iiiiiiicKN.  Name  of  a  bachelor  who  many  years  ago  was  made  sport 
of  by  the  Indians.  His  mime  is  said  '.o  signify  "outlet  of  a  sunill 
creek,"  the  chief  component  being  ti<i'</i,  "mouth  of  a  stream." 


66 

CdwvMoc  ("sailing  from  the  south 

').     Name  of  Chauncey  Johnson,  the 

chiefs  1)r()ther,  and  the  leailiiig  man  of  tlie  trihe.      From  cawEn,                        1 

"south,"  and  the  su  lix  -or,  which  expresses  tlie  idea  of  "sailing."                             1 

Modern 

i\IlSSISSA(!A. 

From  the  Rev.  Allen  Salt,  a  :\I 

ississaga  of  the  tribe  now^  resident  at 

Alnwick,  Ontario,  but  wlio  for  a  nuniher  of  years  past  has  lived  as  mis-                        | 

sionary  amongst  the  hundred  or  so 

^lississagas  on  Parry  Island,  Georgian 

J5ay,   the  writer  has  from  time  to 

time   obttiincd   interesting   linguistic 

material. 

n 

Tlie  following  word-list  represents  the  language  as  at  present  spoken                         | 

'i 

(.January,  188!)): 

Animal,  au-wa-sc. 

Chest,  o-kau-ke-gun-e-won  (their 

■; 

au-wa-se-yug  (animals). 

chests). 

;. 

Ar/ii,  o-nik  (his  arm). 

ne-kau-kc-guu-iDg  (in  or  on  my 

'"■ 

ne-nik  (my  arm)- 

chest). 

i 

ke-nik  (your  arm). 

ke-kau-kc  gun-ing  (in  or  on  thy 

o-ne-]<un  (iiis  arms). 

chest). 

o-ne  kau-won  (their  arms). 

o-kau-kc-gun-c-wong  (in  or  on 

ne-!iik-oiig  (on  my  armj. 

llicir  clicsts). 

ke-nik  ong  (on  your  arm). 

(.'ua\  noon  siiabe-she  ke  (noon-sha 

o-nik-MU-wong  (on  their  arms) 

=  female). 

Bdi'k,  o  pik-won  (ids  back). 

be-she-ke. 

ne-bik-won  (my  back). 

Ki/c,  oosh  keen-shig  (ins  eye). 

ke-i)ik-won  (your  back). 

nish  keenshig  (my  eye). 

ne-bik-\von-ong  (on  my  back). 

kishkeenshig  (your  eye). 

_) 

ke-bik-\voii-ong  (on  your  back). 

oosh  keen-slu'-goon  (eyes). 

I 

o-bik-wone-w    n  (backs). 

oosli  -  keen  -  shi  -  go  -  won  (their 

o-bik-\V(Miau-wong  (on  t  li  e  i  i 

eyes). 

backi-j. 

nish  -  keen -shi -goong   (in    my 

Body,  we-yow  (his  body). 

eye). 

ne-yow  (my  body). 

kish  •  keen  -  shi  -  goong  (in  your 

kc-yow  (your  body). 

eye). 

Boil,  que-wesance. 

oosli-keen-shigo  w'ong  (in  their 

(pie-wcs-an-sug  (bttys). 

eyes). 

Buffalo,  ]>au-(iuoch  be-she  ke   (pau- 

I'^xit,  o-/.id  (ills  foot). 

quoch    =  wild). 

nezid  (my  looi). 

Bull,  au-yau-ba-be-she-ke   (a\i-yau- 

ke-/id  (your  loot). 

l);i  =  male). 

ne-zid-ong  (in  or  on  my  foot). 

('a{f,  au-tick-oonce  (little  cow). 

ke-/id ong  (in  or  on  your  foot ). 

be-she-kunce. 

o-zid  un  (feet). 

Cheat,  o-kau  kc-gun  (his  chest). 

o-zid-au-won  (their  feet). 

ne  kau-ke-gun  (my  ciicst). 

o-zid-au-wong  (in   or   on  their 

i 

ke-kau-ke-gun  (your  chest). 

feet). 

67 


Oirl,  equasiince. 

equiis-iui-sug  (girls). 
Uah',  nie-nc  sis. 

nc-ine-ne-sis  (nij'  Iiiiir). 
Ice-me-iic-sis  (your  liair). 
me-ne-se-sun  (hairs), 
o-nic'-iie-si-sc'-won  (llieir  liairs). 
Hand,  o-ninj  (liis  Iiand). 
ne-iiiiij  (my  liaiul). 
ku-iiiiij  (your  liaiul). 
o-ninj-ccii  (liands). 
ne  -  uinj  -  ing    (in    or   on    my 

liatul). 
l\t' -  ninj -ing    (in   or    on    your 

ha  ml), 
o-ninj-c-wong   (in   or  on    tlicir 

liand). 
Head,  oosh-tiiT  won  (liis  head), 
nish  ti.;-.\von  (my  head), 
kish-liic-won  (your  head). 
oosh-lig-wau-nuM  (lieads). 
oosli  -  lig  -  wa  -  lu;  -  won  (t  heir 

heads). 
nish  tig-won-ing  (in  or  on  my 

head), 
kish-tig-won-ing  (in  or  on  your 

head), 
oosh-tig-wa-ne-wong  (in  or  on 

iheir  hcuds). 
Jair,  o-dau  me-knn  (his  jaw), 
nin-dau-me-kiin  fmy  jaw), 
ke-dau  nu!  kun  (your  jaw), 
o-daii-mc-kun-un  (jaws). 
o-  dau  -  me-  ktin-e  -  won  (their 

jaws), 
niii-dau  me-kun-ing  (in    or  on 

my  jaw), 
ke-dau-mc  kun-ing    (in    or    on 

your  jaw). 
o  dau-me-kun-o  woiig  (in  or  on 

Iheir  jaws). 
Leij,  o  kaud  (Ins  leg), 
ne-kaud  (my  leg). 
ke-kaud  (your  leg), 
o-kau-dun  (legs). 
o-kau-dewon  (their  legs). 


Man,  e-ne-ne. 

c-ne-ne-wug  (men). 
Moxtli,  o-doon  (his  mouth). 
n(!  (loon  (my  mouth), 
ke  doon  (your  mouth), 
o-doo-nun  (mouths), 
odoo  ne-won  (their  mouths) . 
ne-doo  iiing  (in  my  moulli). 
ke-iloon-ing  (in  your  UKdith). 
o  -  doo  -  ne  -  wong     (in     their 

mouths). 
Nirl.-,  o-ijua-gun  (liis  neck), 
ne-qua-gun  (my  neck). 
ke-((ua-gun  (your  neck). 
o-<liia  gun-un  (necks). 
o-(|ua  gune-won  (theii'  nocks). 
ne-(iua-gun-ong  (on  my  neck), 
ke  (lua-gun-ong  (on  your  neck). 
o-(lua-guii  an -wong  (on  their 

necks. 
]^<>HC,  o-chaush  (his  nose). 
ne-chaush  (my  nose). 
ke-chaush  (your  nose), 
o-cliaush-un  (noses), 
o-ehaush-e-won  (their  noses), 
ne-chaush-ing  (in  my  nose), 
ke  chaush-ing  (in  your  nose), 
o  -  chausji  -  e  -  wong  (in  t  h  e  i  r 

noses). 
().v,  be-she-ke  ;  autick  ; 

auyau-ha  be  slie-ke. 
Ohl  twin,  au-ke-wan-/.e. 

au-ke-wan-/.e~yug  (old  men). 
<Hil  iroiiKin.  min-denio-ya. 

m  in    d  e -m  o    y a  •  y  u  g    ( ol d 

women). 
Hi  idiU'or,  au-tick. 

au-tick-wug  (reindeers). 
7o/ii/iii',  ota-n:iu  newh  (his  tongue), 
nil!  la-nau-newh  (my  tongue), 
ke-ta-nau newh  (your  tongue), 
o-tanau-ni'-wun  (tongues). 
o  -  ta  -  nau  -  ne  -  we  -  wun    (Iheir 

tongues). 
niii-ta  nau  ni'  wing   (in    or    on 

my  tongue). 


68 


Tongue,  ke  ta-nau-ne-wing  (in  or  on 
your  tongue), 
o-ta-nau-ne-we-wong  (in  or  on 
their  tongues). 
Tooth,  we-bid  (his  tooth), 
ne-we-bid  (my  tooth). 
l<;e-we-hid  (your  tootli). 
we-bid-un  (teeth), 
o-we  -  bid  -  dau  -  won    (their 
teeth). 


Tooth,  ne-we-bid-ong  (in  or  on  my 

tool])), 
ke-we-bid-ong  (in   or  on  your 

tooth), 
o-we-bid-au-wong    (in     or    on 
their  teeth). 
Widoir,  she-gau  e-qua. 
Widoirer,  she-gun  we-ne-ne. 
Wooiiin,  e-qua. 

e(iua-v\Mig  (women). 


The  words  in  tlie  abi)ve  vocabulary  were  syllabified  by  >Ir.  Salt  in  order 
to  allord  opitortunity  for  ascertaining  how  ihe  problem  of  syllabification 
presented  itself  to  the  Indian  mind.  The  writer's  own  experience  has  been 
that  there  can  be  drawn  no  very  lixed  lines,  for  the  consonant  which  closes 
a  syllable  at  one  time  may  a  short  time  afterwards  be  found  connected  with 
the  next  following  syllable.  Tlie  rule  assumed  by  some  authorities  that 
syllables  should,  as  far  as  possit)le,  close  with  a  vowel  does  not  liold  in  the 
Algonkian  tongues,  for  in  :Mississaga  the  termination  of  a  syllable  in  a 
consonant  is  very  frequent,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  vocabulary  now 
under  consideration.  There  seems  to  be  considerable  variation  in  Mr. 
Salt's  syllabification,  a  fact  which  goes  to  support  the  writer's  personal 
experience. 

There  are  several  interesting  points  to  be  noticed  in  the  list  of  words 
given  above.  Tlie  name  au-tic/.;  given  to  the  reindeer,  is  i^nown  by  tra- 
dition only,  as  that  animal  is  unknown  in  the  region  where  the  :Mississagas 
reside  at  present.  Xow  the  name  is  transferred  to  the  "cow  "  or  "o.\," 
probably  from  the  resemblance  of  the  hoofs.  To  the  same  animals  the 
name  be-she-I.e  (properly,  "biifi'ilo")  is  given,  tlie  male  and  female  being 
distinguished  as  <ni->/au-bn  he-she-kc  and  noon-sha  he-shc-ke.  As  a  result, 
probably,  of  the  transference  of  this  name  to  the  domestic  cow,  the  "buf- 
falo "  is  called  by  another  name,  being  diil'erentiated  as  piin-qnochbc-she-ke, 
or  tlie  "  wild  cow,"  "the  cow  of  the  woods." 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  Lenape  //;r),s  (wiiicli  signified  "elk, 
cow,")  is  by  the  Canadian  Delawares  of  to-day  applied  only  to  the  deer 
and  the  elk. 

The  letters  in  the  words  given  by  Mr.  Salt  have  their  English  sounds  as 
written  by  M'r.  Salt. 

To  fir.Liiei  illustrate  the  Mississaga  dialect  of  :Mr.  Salt  the  following 
brief  legend,  furnished  by  him,  may  be  cited  : 


A  Stouv  OP  TiiK  ]M.\MA(iW.\SKWir.  on   Fakiuks  (llEt'KRRINa  TO  A 
Hock  neau  Siiawana(wV  Hay). 

Pauketaubewod  Auneshenaubag  oUematusenauwon  kekooyun  kee-she- 
numackegawug  kemodemindwau.     Wekekanemauwod   dush,   chebvvau- 


69 


4 


wauluiiii:  kc-e  iiiiukoshewawusr  mvedo  pauketaubaiininij;  okewaubuniau- 
woii  dusli  akDinonnjiii  wauyauljumcgowoa  dush  kemaujekoshevvawiin, 
aiipe  diisli  ademmvamvod  koiuuvataiiwuii  wckaiiimwauhiimeirosisiwau. 
Pasliiii  diisli  ke-e-kcd()\vuii  kaiiiionod  wcjik'.iwaymi.  Xukenau  tautauke- 
kwaniii  keen  osliaunau  nuwiich  Aunesliiiiaubang  kedeshenaiigooz.  Oke- 
waiilmmaiiwon  emau  odusene  jeinaviiieniiig  kckooj'un  peendoniig  auhe- 
uid,  nu'dnsU  ke-e  nauwod,  kagomenauwaii  kemoodeinislishekoiigaii,  ke- 
koiijwahenuimiwauwocl  odusenejoinauneiie.  Okewaubumai.won  dnsh 
<'ne\vli  niausliuslianejiii  eiienewuii  peendegakwaushewanid  aiisuiuaiibik. 
3[edush  ewli  Mainagwasewaubekong. 

"Ar  a  certain  time  some  Indians  snspected  diat  some  one  M-a.s  stealing 
lisli  out  of  tlieir  nets.  Resolved  to  see  who  it  \va>^,  they  started  l)et'orc 
daylight  to  visit  their  nets.  They  saw  i^arties  in  a  canoe  taking  fish  out 
of  tlieir  net.  The  Indians  chased  them  and  overtook  them,  and  iield  their 
canoe,  which  was  of  stone.  The  Indians  asked  tliem  why  tliey  were 
stealing  tlie  tish  out  of  their  net.  Tlie  stranirers  kejit  holding  their  lieads 
down,  covering  their  faces  with  their  hands.  At  last  one  of  them  spoke 
and  said  to  one  of  his  conipanions  :  'You  look  up  and  answer,  for  you 
look  more  like  an  Indian  than  the  rest  of  us.'  The  Indians  knew  that 
the  strangers  in  tiie  stone  canoe  were  the  beings  whom  they  call  .Wnii(t<i- 
iciisewtii/.  The  Indians  pushed  oil"  the  stone  canoe,  saying,  'Don't  steal 
any  more  of  our  tish.'  The  Mamagwasewug  paddled  their  canoe  into  a 
high  precipitous  rock.  Tliis  regi(m  [near  Shawanaga  Bay]  is  called  Ma- 
magwasewabekong,"  ("  the  jilace  of  the  Faeries.") 

For  other  specimens  of  modern  Mississaga,  reference  may  be  hsul  to  the 
works  of  Playter,  Jones,  and  McLean,  which  are  cited  in  the  bibliog- 
raphy ai)i)ended  to  this  essay. 

]Mrs.  .Moodie,  in  her  very  interesting  book,  B<>ii,//,in;/  R  In  the  Bnxh,  lias 
recorded  a  few  words  of  the  Indians  of  .Mud  and  Hice  Lakes  (|)p.  ;]l)T,  :]11): 

Annonk,  a  star  (name  given  to  :\[rs.  :\Ioodie's  child  Addie). 

Checharm,       to  sneeze. 

^letig,  a  stick  (name  given  to  a  while  settler  of  slender  build). 

Miickakee,      a  bullfrog  (name  given  to  a  fat  and  pumiious  while  settler). 
Nogesigook,    tlie  norlheru  lights  (name  given  to  Mrs.  Moodie's  daughter 

Katie). 
Nonocosi(iui,  a  humming-bird  (name  given  to  Mrs.  Moodie). 
Sachatio,         cross-eye  (name  given  to  a  woman  with  a  "  squint  "). 
Segoskee,         rising  sun  (name  given  to  a  red-faced  young  man). 
Too-me-duh,  to  churn. 


]Mrs.  :Moodie  notes  the  fact  (p.  '^!)4)  that  "John  of  I'vice  Lake,  a  very 
sensible,  middle  aged  Indian,  was  conversing  with  me  about  the  lan- 
guage and  tlie  diflieulty  he  found  in  underslanding  the  l)ooks  written  in 
Indian  for  their  use."  This  is  not  surprising  when  we  consider  the  dilli 
culties  of  conveying  to  tiie  mind  of  the  Indian,  in  his  own  language, 
(i 


70 


the  peculiar  modes  of  thought  of  the  Bible  luul  otlier  reli-ious  books. 
Be'^ides  this  the  Rev.  Peter  Jones,  to  whom  very  many  of  llie  translations 
are  wholly  or  in  part  due,  himself  confesses  that  "liaving  spoken  the 
English  language  now  for  some  time.  I  found  I  had  lost  my  former 
flue'nev  in  my  own  native  tongue  "  {Journal,  p.  219). 

Schoolcraft,  referrin-  to  Rev.  Reter  Jones'  translation  of  the  hrst  Book 
of  Genesis,   publislicd  in   18;5.-,,  says  (Archms  of  Aborl;/.  A.O'dedi/e.  iv, 

^'-The  idi.mi  of  the  :\Iissisauii-a  form  of  the  ChiiM-ewa,  which  is 
employed  thnm-hout  the  translation,  is  perceptil^ly  dillerent  from  the 
more  ri-id  intonation  and  form  of  the  vowel  sounds  as  heard  in  tlie  region 
of  Lake" Superior  ;  but  the  language  is  literally  the  same  and  is  well  un- 
derstood by  these  northern  bands."  As  an  example,  he  cites  Mississaga 
iinmcdoo-- norlharn  moiu'h'.  _  . 

Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  in  his  Prclmtoru'  M,ni  CM\  ed.,  ii,  p.  300),  gives  a 
useful  list  of  "specimens  of  Indian  onomatop.eia,"  which  "have  been 
noted  d..wn  chietly  from  the  lips  of  Indians  speaking  the  ch.srly  allied 
Chippewa,  O.lawah  and   Mississaga  dialects  of  the  Algonquin  tongue 

Tlie  examination  of  all  accessible  modrrn  Mississaga  material  leads  to 
the  conclusion  tliat  the  language  of  the  Mississagas  is  radically  the  same 
as  that  of  the  Otcipwe  and  Nipissings,  and  has  certain  peculiarities,  local. 
i,erhaps  which  ditVerentiate  it  slightly  from  both  of  these.  On  the  whole, 
it  would  seem  to  be  more  closely  akin  to  the  dialect  of  Cuoq's  Nipissing 
than  to  that  of  Baraga's  Otcli)\v('. 

•riie  sliort  comi.arative  vocalmlary  has  been  compiled  in  order  to  show, 
approximately,  the  position  of  the  language  of  the  Mississagas  auioiig^^t 
the  Vl-onkian  tongues.  All  evidence  shows  it  to  be  almost  identical  witli 
the  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe.  but  it  possesses  a  number  of  words  peculiar 
to  itself.  It  also  has  many  words  which  seem  nearest  to  the  Cree  m 
form,  while  otliers  resemble  most  the  Leuape. 


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(73) 


73 


Other  tlian  a  few  prnpor  names  scatlered  here  and  there  in  the  old 
records  of  lolonial  New  York  and  t'anachi,  the  first  liniriiistic  material  of 
the  Mississagas  is  the  list  of  words  of  the  "  Messissaujrer,"  publislied  in 
1707  by  Benjamin  Smith  IJartori  in  Ids  Tew  Views  (pp.  1-80),  and  reprinted 
by  Allen  (IHryV,),  JMcivering-Say  (lS-2:i-18t:5),  Adelunir-Vater  (180(i-isi7), 
(lallatin  (18150),  Tiiis  sliort  list  has  continued  to  be  the  only  vocabulary 
of  the  Indians  calling  themselves  ".Mississagas"  known  to  the  student  ot 
the  Algonkian  tonuues  until  the  discovery  of  the  Toronto  manuscript  and 
the  procuring  by  the  writer  of  the  vocabulary  now  published  by  him. 

In  the  introduction  to  his  "Synopsis  "  Gallatin  remarks:  "Although 
it  may  be  presumed  that  the  Mississagucs  did  not,  in  that  respect,  diller 
materially  from  the  other  northern  Algonkins  (a  (piestion  which  Smith 
Barton's  short  vocabulary  does  not  enable  us  absolutely  to  decide),  they 
appear  to  have  (probably  on  account  of  their  geographiral  position)  pur- 
sued a  different  policy,  and  separated  their  cause  from  that  of  their  kin- 
dred  triljes"  (Arch.  A/iwr.,  ii,  p.  :](»). 

Following  are  the  words  given  by  iJ  irton  (according  to  Arrh.  An'ir.,  ii, 
p.  :!7r)j: 


Belly  (my) , 
I  >  read, 
Daughter 

(my), 

Dog, 
Eye, 


neemooteh. 
beeciuaussckun. 


neetauniss. 

nannemoosh. 

wuskink. 
Father  (my),     nosau. 
Fire,  scutleli. 

Flesh,  wigoussali. 

God.  mungo  minnato. 

Hand  (my),        nodikiss. 


I, 

Land, 
.Ma    , 
^loon. 

Mother  I  uiy, 
thy  mother 
Son  U'ly)- 
Star, 
Sun, 
Water, 
Wood  [my], 


nindoh. 

hdckic. 

sinneeh. 

lenaupc-keesboo. 

kukkis. 

neetauniss. 

minnato. 

kecsboo. 

ni]ipec. 

netaukun. 


Some  of  these  words  are  worth  discussing  a  little.  The  radical  of  iwe- 
//'ooteh  (my  belly)  does  not  agree  with  the  onacut  of  the  Toronto  MS.  or 
the  niiiiissiid  (my  bully)  of  IJaraga's  Olcipwc,  the  Xipissing  nimlsdi,  but 
is  rsahcr  identical  with  the  (.'ree  mainii  (ventre).  Xochkiss  (my  hand) 
mot  resembles  the  Li.naiie  //^^7//  (my  hand).  Tlie  word  f(U- "  mother  " 
finds  its  cognate  in  the  Otcipwe  liiifiKAld  (Wilson,  /.ei/nahe,  thy  mother), 
Modern  Lenape  ffkhk  (my  mother),  Lciiapo  githowes,  (inka  (mamma). 
The  words  for  "wood"  {nctaul.'in,)  and  for  "star"  (//uiumfo)  are  pecu- 
liar. The  "  wood  "  may  mean  "foresl."in  which  case  rapprochement 
with  the  Lenape ^t'/i(;«c  (woods,  an  luiinhabited  place)  ;  if  it  mean  •'  wood" 
in  the  other  sense  it  is  no  doubt  the  same  as  Lenape  dic/titn  fwooil,  i>iece 
of  wood),  with  a  pronominal  prefix  of  the  first  person.  Minnnto  seems 
to  mean  "spirit;"  tlie  word  for  "(Jod,"  inuiii/o  /in'nnnto  ^=  "  ■j:ivdl 
spirit;"  munfjo  is  cognate  with  the  Nipissing  radical  mdiirj-,  "great." 
and  miinidto  would  seem  to  be  the  same  as  iiKuuto.  The  word  for 
••moon"  may  signify  "male  sun,"  tlie  first  component  being  the  same 


74 


i    r 


as  the  Lonilpr  leiiape,  "rndiiin,  nmn."  Tho  words  for  "doi:,"  "niiin  " 
and  "I"  are  probably  misspelt,  the  n-  oi"  llie  first  and  the  -oh  of  the 
third  beinji-  added  by  mistake  ;  the  s-  of  the  second  should  probably  be  an 
l:  The  words  for  "bread,  eye,  father,  llesli,  land,  daugliter,  son,  sun. 
water"  differ  but  sliuhtly,  when  we  consider  tlie  imperfect  ortho^•raphy, 
from  the  corresponding  terms  in  the  Toronto  MS.  and  tlie  Sl^ugog  vocab- 
ulary. 

Tlie  words  as  given  Smith  Barton  himself  are  as  follows  : 


(iod, 

mun<i'o-n\innato 

Kye, 

wuskink. 

Fallier, 

iiosau. 

Hand. 

noch-kiss. 

IMotlier, 

Ivulckis. 

Belly, 

n  e  e  -  m  o  o  - 1  e  1 

Son. 

neechaunis  (my  son). 

belly). 

Daughter, 

n  e  e  t  a  u  n  i  s      (  m  y 

Flesh, 

wiyoussah,     wyyous 

dauuliter). 

sail. 

Fire. 

'  sea  Ita  w,     scut-teh, 

Sun, 

keeshoo. 

scoot -tch. 

;Moon. 

lenaupe-keeshoo. 

Do-, 

luiuue-moosh. 

Star, 

minnato-woccon. 

Bread. 
I. 

beequassekun. 
nindoli. 

Earth,    ) 
Land,     )" 

nindoli-liocivce. 

Man, 

liiineeli. 

Wood, 

netaukun. 

Rciiardiiig  tlie  Mississagas  and  their  laniiuagc  lie  makes  the  following 
remarks  : 

"The  Messissaugers,  or  Messusagues,  are  a  most  dirty  race  of  Indians 
residing  about  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior"  (Xnc  ]'i< /l\%  first  ed.,  Phila- 
delphia. 1797,  p.  xxxiii  ;  ~M  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1708,  p.  .xxxiii). 

"The  language  of  these  Indians  is  undoubtedly  very  nearly  allied  to 
that  of  the  Chippewas,  Xaticks  and  others  at  the  head  of  my  larger  lists. 
But  it  contains  words  in  the  languages  of  some  of  the  southern  tribes 
also"  (Xeic  Meins,  2d  ed,.  Philadelphia,  1798,  App.,  p.  4). 

A  most  imporlaiil  nionumeiit  of  ^lississaga  linguistics  is  the  French- 
Indian  nianuscripl  preserved  in  the  Public  Lilirary  of  the  city  of  Toronto, 
a  titling  restiiiii'  place  for  it.  since  tlie  site  of  the  Queen  City  was  once 
covered  by  the  wigwams  of  the  people  whose  speecli  it  records.  Saving 
the  vocabulary  of  Carver,  this  is  tlie  earliest  linguistic  material  of  any 
consequence  in  the  dialects  of  the  western  Algonkian  tribes  of  Canada. 
The  manuscript  (which  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Library  by  the 
irift  of  .Air.  Fulton  St.  Ueorge,  whose  father,  a  French  Koyalist  and  one  of 
the  early  settlers  in  the  region  of  York,  was  at  one  lime  engaged  in  the 
fur  trade  and  had  occasion  to  travel  freciucntly  between  York  and  Lake 
Simcoe)  is  written  on  loose  sheets  (pp.  52,  8vo)  which  were  afterwards 
sewn  together.  Several  of  the  i>ages  contain  notes  of  the  sale  of  goods, 
prices  of  furs,  etc..  and  the  whole  tenor  of  the  vocabulary  leads  one  to 
believe  thnt  it  was  the  work  of  .a  trader.  Curiously  enough,  religious 
terms  are  wanting,  while  other  categories  of  words  to  be  expected  in  a 
trader's  notes  are  ju'esent.     There  are  a  number  of  dates  written  down  iii 


75 


till!  ^IS.,  the  prinripal  of  which  belong  to  the  year  li^Ol  (2fl  fcv.;  Ill  fev- 
rier  ;  8,  22  Janvier  ;  8  mars,  ete.).  For  this  and  other  reasons  I  am 
inclined  to  fix  the  date  of  tlie  vocabulary  at  1801  approximately  (it  may 
be  earlier,  possibly  later).  The  liniiuistics  of  the  >IS.  (which  is  French- 
Indian)  consist  of  some  5(10  words  (names  of  parts  of  the  body,  members 
of  the  family,  natural  phenomena  and  objects,  animals,  birds,  insects, 
fishes,  fruits,  articles  of  food,  dress,  etc.,  implements  and  instruments), 
some  400  jdirases  and  sentences,  about  a  dozen  names  of  men  and 
women,  besides  half  a  dozen  short  songs.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but 
thill  tlie  dialect  of  the  manuscript  is  that  of  the  Mississagas  of  the  region 
between  York  and  Lake  Simcoc. 

The  importance  of  .this  manuscript  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the 
changes  that  have  taken  place  in  tlie  language  of  the  ^lississagas  in  the 
course  of  nearly  a  centur}-  is  obvious,  and  the  writer  has  carefully  exam- 
ined it  with  that  end  in  view.  As  regards  the  grammar,  it  may  be  said 
that,  if  any  change  at  all  has  taken  jilace,  a  comi)arison  with  the  modern 
language,  with  Otcipwe  and  Nipissing  fails  to  make  it  visilile  to  any  ex- 
tent.    A  few  examples  will  indicate  this  ; 


KNlil,I>II. 

^ly  father-indaw. 
Thy  father-in  law, 
IFis  father-indaw, 
My  son-in-law, 
Thy  son-in-law. 
His  son-in-luw, 
Star. 
Stars, 
I  say, 

Thou  sayest. 
He  says. 
I  am  strong, 
lie  is  strong. 


Missi>^.\i:a  (1801). 

nissinis, 

quisinis, 

ousinissin, 

niningouan, 

quiningouan, 

oningouanan. 

anancpie, 

anaiKpiaque, 

nindiquit. 

quiti(put, 

ecpiito, 

ni  mascawich, 

mascawisi. 


T!.\liAii\'s  die  ipwn 
ninsiniss. 
kisiniss. 
osinissan. 
iiining\\  an. 
kiningwan. 
oningwanan. 
aiiang. 
anangog. 
nind  ikkit. 
kid  ikkit. 
ikkito. 

nin  luashkawis. 
mashkawissin. 


grauimai 


The  vocabulary,  of  course,  is  liable  to  show  nuire  changes  than  is  the 
The  loan-words  which  occur  in  the  ^FS.  are  ; 

from  an  Iroquois  word, 
from  French  bo"f(iUe. 
from  P''rencli  anghiis  (?). 
from  French  la  farine. 


Owistioya, 

]\Ioout(', 

Zaganassa, 

Napane, 

Cenipa. 


blacksmith  ; 
bottle; 
Englishman  ; 
flour  : 
ribbon  : 


from  French  du  ruban  (V). 


For  these  the  Skugog  ^Mississagas  still  say  :  oiricto'-h/i'i,  nmv'c'  •'iijv.uor, 
ni'i'purii ,  seiupvji.  and  the  Otcipwe  and  Nipissing  words  correspond. 

The  significations  of  the  great  bulk  of  the  vocabulary  have  remained 
the  same,  but  a  few  changes  are  noticeable.  Wabimin,  which  in  the  ]MS. 
of  ISOI  means  "peach,"  is  used  at  Skugog  in  the  sense   of   ''apple." 


7(3 


Some  wonls  are  rendered  quite  ditVcrenlly  in  the  Toronto  MS.  und  in  tlic 
SlxfiL'Ofi  vocaliuliiry,  but  the  absence  of  the  corrcspondinii  words  (wliicii 
l)robably  existed)  is  easily  explained.     Hxaniples  of  tliis  are  tlie  t'ollowing  : 


K.sia.i.sii. 
Apjde, 
Ash, 
Button, 
Clierry, 
Sarsaparilhi, 


Toi:ciNri)  .MS.,  18(11. 

missimin  (biu'  fruit), 
anniniis  (speeie.s  V), 
cascaouii'zac'oican, 
teiseaouenien, 
wabazasquc, 


SKriiiMi  MississAi..\,  isss-'.i, 
wa'bhnin  (wlute  fruit;. 
wisfi'gKlv  (b]a('l<  asli). 
bKin  (English  button), 
okwu'niin. 
uka'dBk  (leg-root). 


Some  words  appear  in  a  somewhat  difTerent  form  in  tiir  iwo  vnc'ibu- 
laries,  e.  g.  : 

Kn<.i,i>ii.  Toi'.onto  MS..  ISdi. 
Father  (my),  nouse6, 

Fire,  BCoute, 

Frenclunan,  wlu'niiirou.'*, 

Ilerrinir,  keiaouis, 

Horse,  pesicocouci, 

Thread,  ascebabet. 


SKl'fiOd    Mr>S!>~AliA, 

nos. 

iskitfi'U. 

wamltigrrci. 

oke'wi.«. 

papadjiivogKci. 

sasEbKl),  etc. 


These,  however,  arc  all  suscei)lit)le  of  ready  explanation.  Tiie  word 
j)iipoux  (enihl),  which  appears  in  the  Toronto  MS.,  is  not  current  at  Skfi- 
gog,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  a  few  other  words,  as  can  he  seen  from 
the  vocabularies. 

Regarding  phonetics  not  nuuh  can  be  said,  on  account  of  the  uncer- 
tainty which  attaches  itself  to  the  reading  of  many  words  in  the  MS., 
and  l)y  reason  of  the  fact  that  the  recorder  did  not  spell  the  same  word 
always  alike,  even  wh(!n  there  could  be  no  doubt  of  its  being  identically 
the  same.  It  is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that  the  letter  /•  occurs  several 
times  in  the  words  cSfjuiir  (wife),  pdrnrjuKu  (hen),  etc.,  though  it  is  pos- 
sible the  ?■  in  the  latter  word  was  niiswritten  for  a  e. 

On  the  whole,  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the  language  of  the 
^lississagas  siiu'c  ISOI  cannot  be  called  extensive,  and  are  nearly  all  in 
the  line  of  the  dropping  of  one  term  of  two  which  formerly  both  existed. 
The  anne.xed  list  of  words  has  been  extracted  from  the  Toronto  3IS.  for 
the  sake  of  facilitating  comparison. 

VOCAUULARY   OF     THE    MlSSISSAIiAS    OF    THE     KK(;rOX     IHiTWEKX    YuitK 

(ToKONTo)   -VND    Lake   Simcok     (fiiom  thi-;   Manusciui't  ix 
THE  Puni.ic  Library,  Touoxto.     Date,  ciitcA  1801). 


Again,  minoua. 
Aiif/ry,  niniseatis. 
Apple,  missimin. 
Arm,  aunic. 
Afih,  annimis  (frene). 


Aul'imn,  tacouacongue   (I'automne 

derniere). 
Back,  oupicouan. 
Bud,  manandate  (il  est  mauvais). 
Bdii,  mas(iuimoute  (sac). 


77 


B/ill,  iiiioiien  (l);ille). 

Btirvd.  iimciicoiissiic. 

Bua»,  acliigiiiit'. 

Bdnswood,  wicopimis  (tillciil). 

Demi,  nmnitoiniiiis. 

Bear,  iinKiiiiic. 

Beaver,  aniic. 

Beech,  ii/aoiK'mis. 

Birt'h,  oiiigouasguciiiui  (boiilciui). 

Bhick,  niaciUeoiia. 

BliickHiuitli,  ouistoiyii. 

Blanki  t,  wjipiiynin. 

Blood,  iniscuii. 

Jili/e,  Jaiioiiscoua. 

BUubeiTiiX,  laiiu'ii  (lileiu'). 

Bout.  Iscliiiiiaii. 

Body,  ouiysiw. 

Bottle,  mooutc'. 

Box,  iimcuc. 

Breml,  coiuiscicim. 

Brotliir,  iiindaoueina  (iimn  iVrrc;. 

Brot/ii  rin-liiw  (>ii>/),  iiita. 

B'ltfi'rJIi/,  n('iurii;:uaii. 

Bi/ttii/iH,  caseaouii'/acoic.-iii. 

Cat,  cazaiiuez. 

Ceddv,  quisiLi'. 

Chervil,  tciscaoiu'miii. 

Chiif,  (xpiiiiia. 

Child,  pap()ll^  ;  abiiiouclic. 

CIliu.  outamicaiie. 

Chilli,  eisseiis. 

Cloth,  niiscoiK'iiaii  (drap  roiiLie). 

Cloud,  anacouat. 

Cold,  quiliiii. 

Come,  oiulace. 

Corn,  iniiulaiiiin. 

Corn  soup,  inimlarniiiabo. 

Cranberry,  masquiguimin  (atocca). 

Crane,  atclmchac. 

Crow,  aiuU'C. 

Daofjhter.  niiidaiiis  (ma  fille). 

Bay,  gotogoni  (mi  jour). 

Beer,  wawasgiu'-. 

Denmn,  iiiaiiitiHi. 

Die,  uipaii  (niort). 

Drink,  luiiiicoua  (boire). 


Dram,  tcoueJgan  (tambour). 

Doi'k,  cliic'liip. 

HiKjle,  luigiiissi. 

h'arri/if/,^,  nabicel)ison. 

Ji.'iir.i,  oiilaouac. 

Eat,  ou'    Inu  (manger). 

Eel,  piiK.  ,8ic. 

/sV/^,"),  wawane. 

hlk,  michioiK'n  forignal). 

Elm,  aiiipe. 

EiKjlUhman,  zaganassa. 

Knomjh,  iniininiipio. 

Eycx,  ()us(piinzi(;  (yeii.v  el  visagi'). 

BVice,  ousquinzic. 

Vat!ii  V  (my),  iioiiscC'. 

Father-iii-laic  (jny),  iii.s>iiiis. 

Feather,  inigoiiane. 

File,  cepauzicaii. 

Fire,  scoute. 

Fiiilier,  odzic  ([)eclieur). 

Flonr.  iiapaiie. 

Flint,  Dzita. 

Formerly,  inoiiouizac, 

Fo.v,  wagoiLS. 

Frenchman,  wht'iitigous. 

Friend,  iiidzi  (inon  ami). 

Frying  pan,  sascecocoiian. 

Girl,  quicang. 

Gice,  mississiu    luaiida  (doiuu'-inoi 

cela). 
Ghnl,  iiimiiKxa'iidaii. 
Go,  iiKUchau  (vas  i'l'Ii). 
Govsi .  jiisiquissi  (oie). 
Goone  (icilil).  iiica  (oiitarde). 
GooM'hi  rry,  ohapomiu. 
Grape,  cliaoiu'iain. 
Grease,  i)iinit(). 
Great,  quitclii. 
Greiti.  jauousfoiia. 
Giin.  pasi]iu'sicaiii. 
JIair,  wiiiisais  (cheveux). 
JJand,  oiiiiigi. 

JIardicood,  maneii  (bois  dur). 
Hare,  Avajiou-s. 

Uandkerchiif,  macata  ceuiba  (silk). 
Ilat,  tessewiwacjuam. 


-TH-H'ini|lluilliMil 


78 


Head,  ousticouiin. 

Jliurt,  ote. 

//('(/,  oiloiulain. 

Hemlock,  qiiakjiquimu  (emlolj. 

lien,  piiniguaii. 

IIu'o/i.  cliii((ni. 

JJerriji;/,  ki'iiiouiss. 

JIors(.  pesicocDUci. 

Ilur/debi  rries.  luiiK'n  fblcur). 

7,  11  in 

Ir, ,  mioiiHin. 

liididii,  iiissinalir. 

Iron,  liidiiiihic. 

Ktttli ,  aiiuco. 

Kill,  nissala  (tuoii.s-lc). 

KiuCK,  ()iii|uitic. 

I'liifc,  iiiocDniand. 

Ki  ii/r,  iiiii  (|ui(iU(!ii(laii  ( je  le  sais). 

Lake,  tclii;i,aincii. 

LinujJi,  papa  (il  rit). 

Leg,  (lucalc. 

Liltle,  paiigui  (pi'U). 

Lookine]  f/hin.t,  \vaiiu)usclia_<j;\vaii. 

Liiiill.   llia".qur. 

/,///'./■.  pisciu  (loiip-ccrviur). 

Man.  aiiini. 

Mdi-  (ohl).  qui\V('iul/.i. 

Miiiiji,  iiipiiia. 

Miiple,  aniiioiic  (I'rable). 

}[(irten,  wabiscecc. 

MtHCHflii,  iiiacasin. 

Mohcy,  JDiiia  (ai'i^fiit). 

Moon,  tibiipiisst's. 

Moriilnu,  iciilia  (iiiatiii). 

Motliiv  (mil),  iiinii'a. 

M'ltld  v-lii-lair  (nil/),  iiisicoiissis. 

Moi/nc,  wawjipiiioU'hiii. 

Moitt/i,  tiuioii. 

Muskruf,  ()zas(iiie. 

Mii!<(inito,  sa(iuiina  (inariiigDuin). 

Nail  {Jhifjcr),  ouscanjo. 

Nerk,  (icouri^aii. 

Need'e,  calioiiican. 

Xeeev,  caiiin. 

Neil-,  osipii  (il  esl  ncnf  ). 

Ni'jiit.  lii)i(inal. 


iV",  II lit,  cauiii. 

Noon,  iiawMpie;  nawfour. 

None,  oudzac. 

Nut,  pacam'iis. 

Onk,  mititiomis. 

Oiler,  nicpiic. 

Owl,  ooucoucoiiou. 

O.v.  iMsi(pii. 

I'dper.  inass('iii('an. 

/'irtridi/i ,  ])ine. 

I'liteli,  waliiiiiin. 

J'l l/ier,  wassananje. 

/'ike,  (piiiiiii)ii/.('. 

/'iiic,  sinn'iiac. 

/'ipe.  iiDuaran. 

/'luui.  i)ai2;n('issaiu!. 

I'lirnijiiiie,  <!iii\0. 

Potiitii,  opiii. 

I'l/iiijikiii,  ooiissimaiu'. 

Qi/ei  n,  oulviiiiacoiii';. 

liiierooii,  asccbaii  (ciiai  saiivago) 

lldiii.  (piiiuicouan. 

luitllcxniike,  sissigua. 

ItdKen,  cacaouessiii. 

Ivizdv.  (■as([ui|)alcliigan. 

lied,  luisc'ouat,. 

Redwoiid.  iiiisconabimis  (bois  rouge). 

Ilihbiih,  ceiiipan. 

Iliiii/  {Jhi'jer),  talcbiiii  jitiissouen. 

lUee.r,  v\\\\n. 

Rdiiil,  luii'aii. 

Sitll,  siotitagaii. 

Snliiioii,  a/.amiamec. 

Siirsiipiirilln,  waba/asquc. 

Sussitfriis,  iiH'iiag  lacomis. 

Sen,  caiHpruchicamrii. 

Sheip,  maiiilaiiis. 

S/iirt,  papaconyaiii. 

Shoe,  iiiaca>iii. 

Shot,   sliissibanoiK'U   {i.   e.,    "  duck- 
l)alls"). 

Shoiihli  rs,  liniinaiigat. 

Sileer,  joiiia  (argciil). 

Sister,  quilaoiKiiiia  fta  siuiir). 

Ski/,  giiisic. 

Sleep,  (luipi'iua  fcinicbcr  eiisi'inble'). 


79 

Small,  ciipsen  (il  est  jielit).                     Trout,  n.imeiigoussf. 

JS/iuke,  (luiiiapio.                                        Turhrti,  inississi. 

Snoir,  counc  ;  acouiio.                              '/'urniji.  tellies. 

Sno'r  (0.),  sogiiipo  (il  iieige).                 ri/li/,  o/.aiii  inanalisci  (trop  laid). 

SmirnhiH\  acaiii  (riKpicltc).                      Warm,  (piisalc  (il  fail  cliaiid). 

Soldier,  ().siina:;iuiis.                                  Water,  nipi. 

Sou  (m>/),  niiiguis.                                   Weasel,  ymgm^s  (iielctte). 

Son-in-lair  (nti,).  iiiiiiiinguan.                 What?  wriicn'.' 

Spoon.  iui(piaii.                                          Whale,  wiihaiuoc  (baleiiic). 

Spring.    iiiiiKxpiaiiioiiiiue    (lo   priii-     Where,  aiiapi. 

temps  dernier).                                       Whisky   scout^Dualio. 

Squired,  atchitaniDii.                                White,  wabisca. 

Star,  aiianqiie.                                           Whitejish.  ticamec. 

Stoiw.  acceii.                                               Wife,  es{niar. 

Strairlnrri/,  outayniiu.                              Wild  f/oose,  niea  (oiitarde). 

Stuvf/eon,  iidim'.                                          Wind,  noiioiuin. 

A  ■'■/,■,);  iiaiiirpiii  (carpe).                        Wind  {east),  wabanon. 

Sin/ar.  siiisibacoue.                                     Wind  (/rati),  iiaduicli. 

Snrni/ier.  awascli   nipiiiongue  (i'ett'      Win</  (imrf/i),  (piiouetiiig. 

dt'rniere).                                                   Wind  {.'<oiilh).  IcliaoiK'iion. 

Sun,  giiisitpii  ;  guississc.                            Window,  wasciiclehicaii. 

7'eeth,  wipit.                                                Winter,  pipon. 

Th<(t,  miiuihi.                                              Winter,    wespipuiioiigiie   (I'hivor 

Thread,  ascebabet.                                        deiaiier). 

Tinid.  omagaqui.                                        W(df.  luaingan. 

'J'i)lniri'/i,  ceina.                                              Wonia/i.  icoue  ;  escpiar. 

Ti)-d,/i/,  nongoiii.                                        )'(<ir,  ningoiiipnn  (/, , .,  --a  winter"). 

'Tii-iniirnur,  \val),ui,                                        Yellon-.  u/anua.                                                                                          1 

7r///.'/"C.  cleiianisa.                                      Vex,  In'. 

Toll  la.  Inlaini.                                               )'is/,rda>/,  pei(iini'.iii. 

I'otcn.  ooutenaw.                                        Yo".  (jnin. 

Trail,  lessoinigaii. 

Till'  following  proper  names  occur  '  .  tjie  MS.  : 

Dasiganise,  a  woman's  name. 

Sissagua  (rattlesnake),  h  woman's  name. 

Xipinan([U{;(;,  t'atiier  of  SisHi(iua. 

.MaM[ueigono,  proliaiily  a  man's  name. 

Wabakima,  [irobably  a  man's  name. 

Nisguioutclie,  proijai)ly  a  m:in's  name. 

Nipinanaeouat  (summer  cloud),  probably  .a  man's  name. 

Mematasse,  probably  a  man's  name. 

.MaMitouen,  pi'oliably  a  man'^  name. 

(i\iisigna|ii,  man's  name. 

. 

(^iiiiriliic  (snake),  son  ot"  Ilie  I'oriuer. 

Kissens  (elam),  man's  name. 

Chicouessee.  ^V). 

(Jue(piecons,  (V). 

"W! 


80 


BlHLl(H;K.\rilY    OF    THE    MlSSISSAC.A    La  Nt.lTAGi:. 

Adkm'no,  J.  C,  AND  VATr^H,  J.  S.     MLlltridiitis  odi  r  nlUidneim   Spr'if/t- 
tnl.iiiidc  inif  deiii   Vatrr  Uuscr  nh  Sprachprohe  in  heiiialie  J'unfh'nulcrt 
Spnirhen  mid  M'lndnrten.     13erlin,  1800  [-1817],  4  vols.,  Svo. 
Vol.  iii,  Pt.  iii,  contains,  acconliiig  to  Prof.  Pilliiij:'.  "  ■Mcssissmiiier  Vo- 
ciihuliiries,"  pp.  :i4;5,  ;U4,  415,  4l(')  (tVom  IJiirtoii). 
Allen,  AV.     Wuiuiisoo ;   or,  The   Vale  of  Hoosatnuinili.      A  Poem   with 
Notes.     Boston,  MDCCCLVI  [1H5(>]. 
Prof.  Pillinjr  states  that  this  hook  eontains  an  account  of  Indian  lan- 
guages (pp.  174-192).  '.villi  shori  vocahulariesof  Algonkian  languages 
(pi).  17!)-1S1),  amongst  them  of  the  ^Alessisagua.     See  I'ilUnij'n  Bibli- 
o;/riij)ht/. 
Pjaiiton,  J>.   S.     X'cir    Views  of  the   Oriijin  of  the   Tribes  and  Xatioi'S  of 
Anierleit.     Philadelphia,  1707.  JSvo.  pji.  i-\ii.  i-eix,  l-S:!. 
Contains  (pj).  1-80)  eomimrative  vocabularies  of  numerous  Algonkian 

languages,  amongst  them  of  the  .Messiss:ui,,v'rs. 
According  to  Prof  Pilling,  the  second  edition,  issued  in  1708,  contains 
the  same  entry. 
••Some  Account  of  the  Dilferent  Species  and  Varietic.-;  of  Na- 
tive American  or  Indian  Dogs."     In  Philadilphia  Medieal  aiid  Phi/s. 
Jonrnnl,  Vol.  i,  Pt.  ii,  pp.  :i-:'.l.     Philadelphia,  180."),  Svo. 
Disru-ses  names  for  dogs  in  variou>  American  dialects,  including  Ales- 
si--iiuger.     Title  from  Pilling. 

"Ou   Indian    Dogs."      The  PhilosophieaL   Maipvdni ,    Vol.    xv 


(Feb. -May,  180:',),  p]..  1-0,  i:',(i-14:! 
Apparently  tlic  same  as  the  previous,  and  contains  the  >ame  lingui-iics. 
DfcKiNoriAM,  .Iamks  S.      Canada.  Nova  Sealia.   Xeir  /Irmiswirk  and  the 
other  British  Bracinres  in  North  Ameriea.     With  a  Plan  </f  NiUional 
Colonization.     London,  184:'. 
Contains  (p.  45)  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the   ICnglish  and  Indian 
mimes  of  the  Credit  iJiver. 
Camimsell,    He\.    Pun].-.   J.     "  The    Alliliation    of  'he   Algonquin   Lan- 
guages."    J'roe.    Canad.   Inst.,   Toronto.     Now  series,  Vol.  i  (1870;, 
lip.  15-5:5. 
The  comparative  vocabulary  (pp.    -'(i-45)  coMlaii  s  a   fi'W  A[issi^sagua 

words. 
Prof  I'illing  cites  a  reprint  of  this. 

••Origin  of  the   Aborigines  of  Canada."     Trims.    Quetue   Lit. 

and  Hist.   Soc.,  /SSO-L-^'Sl  ((^ueliec.  18S'2),  pp,  01-0;!,  and  Ai'iiendix, 
pj).  i-xxxiv. 
According  to  Prof.   Pilling,  the  "  Comparative  Vocabulary  of  the  Al- 
gonqnui  and   Polynesian    Languages"   (pp.  xv-xixj    includes  a  tew 
^Slissisagiia  words. 
This  paper  -was  issued  separately.     V[>.   !-:'>:!,  Appendix,   pi'.    i-\x\iv, 
8vo.     Quebec,  1H81.     See  I'iUiufs  lUh!io</raph!/. 
Canada  and  the  Ori'jon.     London,  MDCCCXLVI.     Tliis  work  contains 


\\     ■ 


81 


2)assim  a  few  words  of  the  Mississagas  of  Rice  and  >[iid  Lakfs  and  a 
brief  remark  on  llic  Indian  Lan,!j;uaiie  (p.  21o). 
Cannikf,  William,  :>[.!).     JJi,fori/  <>f  the  Settlement  of  Upper  r,tnadu. 
With    Especial   Reference   to   the   Bay  of   (^linle.     Toronto,    180!) 
pp.  i-xxxi,  1-OTl,  8vo. 
Chapfr  xxvi,  pp.  ;«;5-;!'2(5,  treats  of  tl...  .Mississa,-na  Indians,  and  the 
work  contains  immm  the  exi)lanation  of  a  number  of  Indian  place 
names. 

CiiAMBKHLAiN.  A.  F.     "  :\Iississa,-ua  i:tymolo-v."     Sric.ce.  Xew  Vork 
A'ol.  xii  (1888),  j).  V.Vl. 
Discusses  the  etymology  of  somr.  twenty  Mississagiia  (Ski-iiroo)  words 

"Notes  on  the  History,  Customs  and  Heliels  of  the  3Iis^is>.a..iia 

Tndiims."     J,n;rn.  of  Amer.  F.dk-I.„re,  Vol.  i  (1888),  pp.  ir.O-Kio'' 
Contains  proju'r  and  geograiiliicaj  names,  words,  etc.,  passun.     Also  a 

few  short  songs  (from  tiie  'i'oronto  _MS.). 
This  paper  was  issued  separately.     Cambridge,  IS'^S. 

"  '^"'^'■^  ••*'  '1"^  Mississaguas."  I.     Jo,n',i,d  of  Amer.  Folk- 1  ore 

Vol.  ii  (1889).  i)p.  141-147.  '      ' 

Contains  texts  of  myths  in  .-yiississagua   (of  Skfigo-)   with   ii-ierlinear 
and  free  translations  into  P^nglish. 

"The  Arclneology  of  Skugog  Island. "     The  Port  rerr^i  Stuial- 

<n'd  [newsjiaper],  Vol.  xxiii,  No.  ;!0  (March  7,  18S.(;,  p.  -J. 
Contains  the  Mississaga  names  of  articles  of  arcJi.eolog'ica]  iiiterest 
This  article  has  been  reprinted. 

"'r'"-'  I-iiiiguage  of  the  Mississaguas  of  Scuirog  "  (Abstract) 

Pror.  C'duad.  Inst.,  Vol.  xxv  (bSilO),  pp,  104-ii)(;.     "  '      '' 

Brief  notice  of  .some  of  the  peculiarities  of  tiiis  dialect,  wiili  short  list 
ot  pecuHiir  words. 

'fiiis  article  lias  been  reprinted. 

,; "Algonkin     Onomatology,     will,     Some     Comparisons     with 

l.asque."     Pror.  Am.  As.s.  Adc.  SaVnre.  Vol.  xxxviii  (1S81))    p„   ;j,5i 
■  u>'2  ( Al>stract).  ' 

Contains  a  few  Mississagua  words. 

••^,.nf^''''r^""  '''='^'^^^^"'^«-"    '^""■".  ofAnur.  Folk-I.ore.  Vol 

III  (181)0),  ]t.  7. 

Di,scusses  the  etymology  of  a  number  of  geographical  names. 

"Tales  of  the  -Mississagua-."   H.     //,/,/.,  p,,.  i4i)_i,-,4 

Contains  Mississagua  texts  with  interlinear  and  (ree  En-lis'l,  tfunl-. 

U>p'lS']i4)'  '''^"     '^^'"  ""'''  ^"''  '''■  '""  '""'    ''■•"'"■'•   '"^'"^^ 

.^,  •'^""'  "."  V''^''"  ^'''''''  '''^"■-•"'^'«-"    ^^"lerinni  Antkromdo.ist 

(Waslungton),  \ol.  lii  (18!l()),  pji.  '.•;i7->).ll. 

Contains  (p.  'i;]%)  a  few  .Mississagua  words. 

"The  Maple  amongst  the  Algonkian  Tribes."  Ibid.,  iv  (18[jn 


pp.  ;59-4:}. 

Dis.'u,ssos  (p.  41')  Mississaga  words  for  "maple"  ami  "sugar." 


82 


C'nAMBHini.AiN,    A.  F.     "The   Aryan   Element  in   Tiuliiui   Dialects."  I. 
The  CaniuU.ni  linl!,t„.  Vol.  i  (ISOO,  18!tl).  pi'.  148-ir);3. 
Contains  (|i.  loO)  notice  of  loanworils  'n  .Mississaga. 
This  article  has  been  reprintud.    Owen  Sound  [isoi],  pp.  8.    ^fississaga 
item  on  p.  5. 

■•  The  Algonkian  Indians  of  Haptiste  Lake."     Fourth  AhiiikiI 

Report  of  the  Vdnudidi,  Institute  (Session  1890-1801).    Toronto,  1891, 
pp.  S3-89. 
Contains  (p.  89)  a  few  Mis<issaga  words. 
CorwAY,  (tKOHC'K.     Thi  Life,  Ilistonj  itnd  Tratch  of  Kuh-f/e  git-ijah-bowh 
(George  Cupwdij),  etc.     Albany,  1847,  pp.  v-vii,  .""1-224. 
Contains  juixfiii't  a  few  Indian  \vord>  and  projier  names.    Also  (at  p.  1)4) 
ii  two-line  hunter's  song  in  the  language  of  the  Mississaga  Indians  of 
Rico  Lake,  with  English  translation. 
Edwakds,  Hev.  .ToNATdAN.     See  Pickhuino,  J. 

GALliATiN,  IloM.  Alukht.     "  A  Synopsis  of  the  Indi;in  Tribes  within  the 
United  States  East  of  tlie  Kooky  Mountains,  ami  in  the  British  and 
Russian  Possessions  in  North  America."     Archceologin   Arm  rkmin. 
Vol.  ii  (18;?0),  1^]).  1-142. 
On  p.  :>7.")  are  the  ^lessissauga  words  cited  from  Barton. 
Tndidii  Chief,  The.     Toronto,  I8(i7. 
This  work  contiuns  pussii/i  many  ^lississaga  proper  names,  often  with 
explanations. 
JoxEs,  Rev.  Pktku.      '/'he  Firs/  B'>o/.-  of  Oenesin.     Toronto,  A.  I>.  18:(r), 
pp.  17s,  12mo. 
Schoolcraft  (Archires  of  Ahori'jirud  Knoicledgc,  Vol.   iv,   p.   T):]l)  suys 
that  this  translation  is  in  "the  idiom  of  the  Mississugua  form  of  the 
Chippewa." 

/.ife  ton!  Jom'iKtls  of  Kdk-ke-irdquo-na.h/  (Rev.   Peter  Joom), 

M'e.ilei/dii  Missioiidry.     Toronto,  1800,  pj).  iii-\i,  1-424,  8vo. 
Contains  (p.  2(iO;  sentence  in  Itmguage  of  ilississaugas  of  liice  Lake, 
with  English  iranslalion.     Also  a  few  IMississauga  terms  and  |)ro|ier 
names  pdsxim. 
Ilistonj  of  the   njibirni/  Tuditins.     With  Especial  Reference  to 


Their  Conversion  to  Ciirisiiaiiity.     London,    1801,    i>p.  iii-vi,  1-27S, 


12mo. 
Reference  to  Mlssissauga 


jiilSSlld. 


At  p.  189,  version  of  Lord'>  Prayer 


in  Chippeway  (Eastern)  Mississauga  dialect. 
For  the  Ojebway  works  of  Jones  see  Pillini/'s  Bililioijraphy.  suti  nomine. 
LiDEwiii,    II.    Vj.     The    l.itirature   if  Amerieiin  Aliorigiiiol   l.dnguitgcs. 
With  Addition  and  Correction-;  by  Prof    \V.   W.  'I'urner.     London, 
MDCCCLVIII.  |ip.  v-.\\iv,  1-258,  Hvo. 
Contains  (pp.  Ill,  2:«8)  li^t  of  vocabularies,  etc.,  in  Messisauger. 
McLean,  John,  M.A.,  Ph.D.     Jttntes  Eeans,  Inventor  of  the  HyV<tbie  Sys- 


tem of  the  Cree  /.nnguage.     Toronto  [1890 1 
Title  from  Prof.  Pilling,  who  slates  that  it  contr 


/ 


ains  Mississaga  liiiLtuis- 


83 


/ 


tics  :is  follows  :  Missisiiuga  sentence  with  English  ecjuivalent  (p.  4G) 
and  a  prayer  in  tlie  [^Nfissisauga]   language  of  the  Indians  of  Grape 
Island,  witli  English  translation  (pi>.  7(!,  77). 
MooDiE,  Mns.  Susanna.     Jionf/Iiing  It  in  (he  Bush;  or,    Fori  at  Life  in 
ViiiKtdd.     New  and  revised  editic  ..     Toronto,  1871. 
This  work  contains  (pp.  ;.507,  811)  some  reniarlis  on  the  language  of  the 
Mi.ssissagas  of  tiie  region  around  Peterhorough.     And  also  (p.  294)  a 
brief  reference  to  tliat  of  Iviee  Lake.    A  few  ^Mississaga  words  iwe  given 
jidKsirn. 
yir.  Rain,  of  the  Toronto  Public  Librarj',  kindly  informs  me  that  edi- 
tions of  tiiis  work,  other  than  the  above,  are  as  follows  :  2  vols.  i>ost. 
8vo,  pp.  (i08,  London,  Hentley,  18.5'i  ;  2  vols.,  post.  8vo,  pj).  (iOS,  Lon- 
don, 1852,  second  edition  ;  2  vols.,  post.  12nio,  Putnam,  X.  Y.,  18."J2  ; 

2  vols.,  post.  8vo,  London,  1853  ;    2  vols.,    post.  8vo,  London,  1854  ; 

3  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1854  ;  1  vol.,  London,  1857,  I  am  not  able 
to  state  whether  the  linguistic  matter  is  contained  in  all  of  these 
editions  or  not. 

PiCKKUiNo,  J.     See  Say,  T. 

Playti;u,  <;ko.  D.  The  History  of  Methodism  in  Caneidit.  "With  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Pise  and  I'rogress  of  the  Work  of  God  amongst  the 
Canadian  Tribes,  and  Occasional  Notices  of  the  Civil  AlVairs  of  the 
Province.  Toronto,  18r.2,  pji.  viii,  41:},  12mo. 
TitU;  from  Pilling's  Biblioc/mphy  of  the  Iroquoiitn  /.aufjoftges,  where  it  is 
slated  that  this  work  contains  (p.  224)  a  six  line  verse  of  a  hymn  in 
the  language  of  the  [Mississaga)  Indians  of  Grape  Island,  I'ay  of 
Quinto,  with  English  translation. 
Salt,  Hkv.  Alf-kn.  "  Audesokon  Netumesing  Tushemind  Nanebo/ho." 
A  legend  concerning  Nanebozho,  in  the  Mississaga  language.  3IS., 
10  ])p.,  ordinary  note  paper.  In  possession  of  the  writer  of  this 
essay. 

"]5rief  Vocabulary  of  the  Mississaga  Language."     ]MS.,  8  pp. 

In  the  possession  of  the  writer  of  this  essay. 
Say,  T.     •■  Notes  to  Jno,  Pickering's  Edition  of  Edwards'  Observations 
on  the  Mohegan   Language."     In  collections  of  the  ]\Iass.  llist.  Soc. 
Second  series.  Vol.  x.     Boston.  182;),  8v().     Reprinted,  Poston,  1843. 
8v(),  pp.  i;j,5-145. 
The  ^lessissauger  words  given  are  iVoiu  Smith  Uarton. 
ScuoMBUUOK,  Sii!  RoBKUT  II.     "A  Vocabulary  .d'  the  :\Iaiankong  Lan- 
guage  [Smith   America]."     I'hilol.    .Sjc.    [London]   Fror.,    V<>l.   iv, 
ipp.  217-222.  Lcmdon,  IS.M). 
Title  Irom  Prof.  Pilling,  who  slate's  that   the  paiier  contains  the  wonl 
tor  "sun  "  in  various  Algonkian  tonuues,  inclu<ling  the  Mississaugi. 
Scuoor.CKArr,   II.   P.      Archies  ,f  Aboriqinal  Knotdedrje.   etc.     Vol.  i, 
1800. 
Contains  (p.  806)  etymology  of  the  word  "  Missisagies." 
Vol.  iv,  p.  581,  contains  a  brief  remark  on  the  Mississaga  language. 


-iJC.  "~ 


84 

ami  Que.  08,     ^o.  .cxxxv,  llarrisburg,  Pa.,  June  29.  iggO 

I'  I      elk,  dou      etc.,  m  a  number  of  Amerioun  languages,  including 

3r,.s,s.s:,gua.     The  list  is  compiled  from  Barlon  (7  .  )  ^ 

m'pi^nol^t!'"'"'-      '^^"^^''-^"^^'-^  [Mississag^t]  Vocabulary,- 

This  vocabulary    which  dates  from  between   1798  and  1805,  contains 

^Z^.  Tf'  T  ^'"■"  '"■""  ''""  ^•■'^^^'"'^^"■^'  '^^""^  =^  ^">->  I'X 
umes  and  a   ew  short  songs.     The  dialect  is  that  of  the  Mississagas 

of  the  reg.on  between  York  (now  Toronto)  an.l  Lake  Simcoe 
UtAiu.,    Cathaiunk   Paku.      The  CancuHcm  Crusoes.     [Boston,'  1881  1 

rew  31ississaua  words  pr<s,<(iw 
TumiBULL.  Du.  J.  ir.     '-OnAlgonkinXamesforMan."     7V«..   Annr 

PJiilol.  Assoc.  (18(i9-18T()),  pp   l:jS-i.'-,r)  ""' 

''t:::ti^' ''-  ''''''-^'^ ''-'  '^^- "--"  (^^"-^^^)  sivon  by 

wj^,,,^,^  „j^  Forty  Versions  of  the  Lord's  Prayer  in    Vl-onkin 

Languages."     Ibid.  (1872),  pp.  11:3-193  ^l^onkiu 

Xo.  20,  Chippewa  (Eastern)  Mississauga.    A  version  bv  the  Rev.  Peter 

Jones,  taken  from  his  //J.^.,.,/  of  the  Ojelncay  Lulian^  p.  189 
Dr.  I  rumbull  gives  explanatory  notes.     SeeJ..XFs 
Wu.sov,   SiH  Daxi..:.,  LL.l).,    F.R.S.L.     Pn historic  Man.     Researches 
•nto  the  (),-^,n  of  Civilization  in  the  Old  and  the  Xew  AVorld       o 
^vols.,  8vo,  Cambridge  and  London,  1862.  '      ' 

Vol.  i,  pp.  73,  74,  contains  a  short  list  of  Mississagua  and  other  Al-on- 
kian  words  as  examples  of  ouoniatopcvia. 
g^^''*-'^"'''"'''''^'^"".  ^'''•-     Second  edition.     London,  1805,     1vol.. 

Mississagua  linguistics  (pp.  03,  04)  as  in  i.revious  edition 

—  P../...^.;7-cJA.;..     Researches  inio  the  Origin  <,f  Civilization  iu 
1     Old  and    he  .^ew  World.     Third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged, 
i^ondon,  18.0,  2  vols.,  8vo. 

^^exni^nr  T'  ''"'  "'^'^""'--J^  "f  -">«  twenty-tive  words  containing 
examplesof  onomatop,e,a  in  Mississagua  and  other  Algonkin  dialects; 


tM,  "Notes 

IIS  the  name 
3S,  including 

ocabulaiy, " 

)•>,  contains 
ozen  proper 

^lississagas 
icoe. 
iton,  1881.] 

'ans.  Amcr. 

))  given  Ijy 

1  Algoiikiu 

IJov.  Peter 

Rosearclies 
World.      •,> 

ler  Algon- 
5,     1  vol.. 


lization  in 
enlarged. 


ontaining 
1  dialects. 


